GETCWDGETCWD

NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
RETURN VALUE
ERRORS
CONFORMING TO
SEE ALSO
NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
RETURN VALUE
ERRORS
CONFORMING TO
NOTES
SEE ALSO
COLOPHON

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NAME

getcwd − get current working directory

SYNOPSIS

/*
* This page documents the getcwd(2) system call, which
* is not defined in any user-space header files; you should
* use getcwd(3) defined in <unistd.h> instead in applications.
*/

long getcwd(char *buf, unsigned long size);

DESCRIPTION

The getcwd() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working directory to the array pointed to by buf, which is of length size.

If the current absolute path name would require a buffer longer than size elements, -1 is returned, and errno is set to ERANGE; an application should check for this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary.

If buf is NULL, the behaviour of getcwd() is undefined.

RETURN VALUE

-1 on failure (for example, if the current directory is not readable), with errno set accordingly, and the number of characters stored in buf on success. The contents of the array pointed to by buf is undefined on error.

Note that this return value differs from the getcwd(3) library function, which returns NULL on failure and the address of buf on success.

ERRORS

	ENOMEM		if user memory cannot be mapped
	ENOENT		if directory does not exist (i.e. it has been deleted)
	ERANGE		if not enough space available for storing the path
	EFAULT		if memory access violation occurs while copying

CONFORMING TO

The getcwd system call is Linux specific, use the getcwd C library function for portability.

SEE ALSO

getcwd(3)

NAME

getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name − Get current working directory

SYNOPSIS

#include <unistd.h>

char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size);

char *getwd(char *buf);

char *get_current_dir_name(void);

Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

get_current_dir_name():

_GNU_SOURCE

getwd():

Since glibc 2.12:

_BSD_SOURCE ||
(_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 ||
_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&
!(_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 700)

Before glibc 2.12:

_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED

DESCRIPTION

These functions return a null-terminated string containing an absolute pathname that is the current working directory of the calling process. The pathname is returned as the function result and via the argument buf, if present.

The getcwd() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working directory to the array pointed to by buf, which is of length size.

If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory, including the terminating null byte, exceeds size bytes, NULL is returned, and errno is set to ERANGE; an application should check for this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary.

As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc) getcwd() allocates the buffer dynamically using malloc(3) if buf is NULL. In this case, the allocated buffer has the length size unless size is zero, when buf is allocated as big as necessary. The caller should free(3) the returned buffer.

get_current_dir_name() will malloc(3) an array big enough to hold the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the environment variable PWD is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be returned. The caller should free(3) the returned buffer.

getwd() does not malloc(3) any memory. The buf argument should be a pointer to an array at least PATH_MAX bytes long. If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory, including the terminating null byte, exceeds PATH_MAX bytes, NULL is returned, and errno is set to ENAMETOOLONG. (Note that on some systems, PATH_MAX may not be a compile-time constant; furthermore, its value may depend on the file system, see pathconf(3).) For portability and security reasons, use of getwd() is deprecated.

RETURN VALUE

On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing the pathname of the current working directory. In the case getcwd() and getwd() this is the same value as buf.

On failure, these functions return NULL, and errno is set to indicate the error. The contents of the array pointed to by buf are undefined on error.

ERRORS

	EACCES		Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied.
	EFAULT		buf points to a bad address.
	EINVAL		The size argument is zero and buf is not a NULL pointer.
	EINVAL		getwd(): buf is NULL.

ENAMETOOLONG

getwd(): The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds PATH_MAX bytes.

	ENOENT		The current working directory has been unlinked.
	ERANGE		The size argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of the working directory, including the terminating null byte. You need to allocate a bigger array and try again.

CONFORMING TO

getcwd() conforms to POSIX.1-2001. Note however that POSIX.1-2001 leaves the behavior of getcwd() unspecified if buf is NULL.

getwd() is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of getwd(). Use getcwd() instead. POSIX.1-2001 does not define any errors for getwd().

get_current_dir_name() is a GNU extension.

NOTES

Under Linux, the function getcwd() is a system call (since 2.1.92). On older systems it would query /proc/self/cwd. If both system call and proc file system are missing, a generic implementation is called. Only in that case can these calls fail under Linux with EACCES.

These functions are often used to save the location of the current working directory for the purpose of returning to it later. Opening the current directory (".") and calling fchdir(2) to return is usually a faster and more reliable alternative when sufficiently many file descriptors are available, especially on platforms other than Linux.

SEE ALSO

chdir(2), fchdir(2), open(2), unlink(2), free(3), malloc(3)

COLOPHON

This page is part of release 3.35 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/.

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