gs(1)


NAME

   gs   -   Ghostscript  (PostScript  and  PDF  language  interpreter  and
   previewer)

SYNOPSIS

   gs [ options ] [ files ] ...

DESCRIPTION

   The gs command invokes Ghostscript, an interpreter  of  Adobe  Systems'
   PostScript(tm)  and Portable Document Format (PDF) languages.  gs reads
   "files" in sequence and executes them as  Ghostscript  programs.  After
   doing  this,  it  reads  further  input  from the standard input stream
   (normally the keyboard), interpreting each line separately  and  output
   to  an  output  device  (may  be  a  file or an X11 window preview, see
   below). The interpreter exits gracefully when it encounters the  "quit"
   command  (either in a file or from the keyboard), at end-of-file, or at
   an interrupt signal (such as Control-C at the keyboard).

   The interpreter recognizes many option  switches,  some  of  which  are
   described  below.  Please  see  the  usage  documentation  for complete
   information. Switches may appear anywhere in the command line and apply
   to all files thereafter.  Invoking Ghostscript with the -h or -? switch
   produces a message which shows several useful switches, all the devices
   known  to  that  executable,  and the search path for fonts; on Unix it
   also shows the location of detailed documentation.

   Ghostscript may be built to use many different output devices.  To  see
   which devices your executable includes, run "gs -h".

   Unless  you specify a particular device, Ghostscript normally opens the
   first one of those and directs output to it.

   If you have installed the ghostscript-x Debian package and are under X,
   the  default device is an X11 window (previewer), else ghostscript will
   use the bbox device and print on stdout the dimension of the postscript
   file.

   So  if the first one in the list is the one you want to use, just issue
   the command

        gs myfile.ps

   You  can  also  check  the  set  of  available  devices   from   within
   Ghostscript: invoke Ghostscript and type

        devicenames ==

   but  the  first  device  on  the  resulting list may not be the default
   device you determine with "gs -h".  To specify "AbcXyz" as the  initial
   output device, include the switch

        -sDEVICE=AbcXyz

   For example, for output to an Epson printer you might use the command

        gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps

   The  "-sDEVICE="  switch  must  precede  the first mention of a file to
   print, and only the switch's first use has any effect.

   Finally, you can specify a default device in the  environment  variable
   GS_DEVICE.  The order of precedence for these alternatives from highest
   to lowest (Ghostscript uses the device defined highest in the list) is:

   Some devices can support different resolutions (densities).  To specify
   the resolution on such a printer, use the "-r" switch:

        gs -sDEVICE=<device> -r<xres>x<yres>

   For  example,  on a 9-pin Epson-compatible printer, you get the lowest-
   density (fastest) mode with

        gs -sDEVICE=epson -r60x72

   and the highest-density (best output quality) mode with

        gs -sDEVICE=epson -r240x72.

   If you select a printer as the output device, Ghostscript  also  allows
   you  to  choose  where Ghostscript sends the output -- on Unix systems,
   usually to a temporary file.  To send the output to a  file  "foo.xyz",
   use the switch

        -sOutputFile=foo.xyz

   You  might  want  to  print each page separately.  To do this, send the
   output to a  series  of  files  "foo1.xyz,  foo2.xyz,  ..."  using  the
   "-sOutputFile=" switch with "%d" in a filename template:

        -sOutputFile=foo%d.xyz

   Each  resulting  file  receives  one  page of output, and the files are
   numbered in sequence.  "%d" is a printf format specification;  you  can
   also use a variant like "%02d".

   You can also send output to a pipe.  For example, to pipe output to the
   "lpr" command (which, on many Unix systems, directs it to  a  printer),
   use the option

        -sOutputFile=%pipe%lpr

   You can also send output to standard output:

        -sOutputFile=-
   or
        -sOutputFile=%stdout%

   In  this  case  you must also use the -q switch, to prevent Ghostscript
   from writing messages to standard output.

   To select a specific paper size, use the command line switch

        -sPAPERSIZE=<paper_size>

   for instance

        -sPAPERSIZE=a4
   or
        -sPAPERSIZE=legal

   Most ISO and US paper sizes are recognized. See the usage documentation
   for  a  full  list,  or  the  definitions  in  the  initialization file
   "gs_statd.ps".

   Ghostscript can do many things other than print or view PostScript  and
   PDF  files.   For  example,  if  you want to know the bounding box of a
   PostScript (or EPS) file, Ghostscript provides a special "device"  that
   just prints out this information.

   For   example,   using  one  of  the  example  files  distributed  with
   Ghostscript,

        gs -sDEVICE=bbox golfer.ps

   prints out

        %%BoundingBox: 0 25 583 732
        %%HiResBoundingBox: 0.808497 25.009496 582.994503 731.809445

OPTIONS

   -- filename arg1 ...
          Takes the next argument as a file name as usual, but  takes  all
          remaining  arguments  (even  if  they have the syntactic form of
          switches) and defines the name "ARGUMENTS"  in  "userdict"  (not
          "systemdict")  as  an array of those strings, before running the
          file.  When Ghostscript finishes executing the  file,  it  exits
          back to the shell.

   -Dname=token
   -dname=token
          Define  a  name  in "systemdict" with the given definition.  The
          token must be exactly one  token  (as  defined  by  the  "token"
          operator) and may contain no whitespace.

   -Dname
   -dname Define a name in "systemdict" with value=null.

   -Sname=string
   -sname=string
          Define  a  name  in  "systemdict"  with a given string as value.
          This is different from -d.  For example, -dname=35 is equivalent
          to the program fragment
               /name 35 def
          whereas -sname=35 is equivalent to
               /name (35) def

   -P     Makes  Ghostscript  to  look  first in the current directory for
          library files.  By default, Ghostscript no longer looks  in  the
          current  directory,  unless,  of  course,  the  first explicitly
          supplied directory is "." in -I.  See  also  the  INITIALIZATION
          FILES section below, and bundled Use.htm for detailed discussion
          on search paths and how Ghostcript finds files.

   -q     Quiet startup: suppress normal startup messages, and also do the
          equivalent of -dQUIET.

   -gnumber1xnumber2
          Equivalent  to -dDEVICEWIDTH=number1 and -dDEVICEHEIGHT=number2.
          This is for the benefit of devices (such as  X11  windows)  that
          require (or allow) width and height to be specified.

   -rnumber
   -rnumber1xnumber2
          Equivalent        to       -dDEVICEXRESOLUTION=number1       and
          -dDEVICEYRESOLUTION=number2.  This is for the benefit of devices
          such  as printers that support multiple X and Y resolutions.  If
          only one  number  is  given,  it  is  used  for  both  X  and  Y
          resolutions.

   -Idirectories
          Adds  the  designated  list  of  directories  at the head of the
          search path for library files.

   -      This is not really a switch, but indicates to  Ghostscript  that
          standard  input  is  coming  from  a  file  or  a  pipe  and not
          interactively from the command  line.   Ghostscript  reads  from
          standard  input  until it reaches end-of-file, executing it like
          any other file, and then continues with processing  the  command
          line.   When  the  command  line  has  been  entirely processed,
          Ghostscript exits rather than going into its interactive mode.

   Note  that  the   normal   initialization   file   "gs_init.ps"   makes
   "systemdict" read-only, so the values of names defined with -D, -d, -S,
   or -s cannot be changed (although, of course, they can be superseded by
   definitions in "userdict" or other dictionaries.)

SPECIAL NAMES

   -dDISKFONTS
          Causes  individual character outlines to be loaded from the disk
          the first time  they  are  encountered.   (Normally  Ghostscript
          loads  all  the  character outlines when it loads a font.)  This
          may allow loading more fonts into RAM, at the expense of  slower
          rendering.

   -dNOCACHE
          Disables character caching.  Useful only for debugging.

   -dNOBIND
          Disables the "bind" operator.  Useful only for debugging.

   -dNODISPLAY
          Suppresses the normal initialization of the output device.  This
          may be useful when debugging.

   -dNOPAUSE
          Disables the prompt and pause at the end of each page.  This may
          be  desirable  for applications where another program is driving
          Ghostscript.

   -dNOPLATFONTS
          Disables the use of fonts supplied by  the  underlying  platform
          (for  instance  X  Windows).  This may be needed if the platform
          fonts look undesirably different from the scalable fonts.

   -dSAFER
          Restricts  file  operations  the  job  can  perform.    Strongly
          recommended  for spoolers, conversion scripts or other sensitive
          environments where  a  badly  written  or  malicious  PostScript
          program code must be prevented from changing important files.

   -dWRITESYSTEMDICT
          Leaves  "systemdict"  writable.   This is necessary when running
          special utility programs such as font2c and pcharstr, which must
          bypass normal PostScript access protection.

   -sDEVICE=device
          Selects an alternate initial output device, as described above.

   -sOutputFile=filename
          Selects  an  alternate  output  file  (or  pipe) for the initial
          output device, as described above.

SAFER MODE

   The -dSAFER option disables the "deletefile" and "renamefile" operators
   and  prohibits opening piped commands ("%pipe%cmd"). Only "%stdout" and
   "%stderr" can be opened for writing.  It  also  disables  reading  from
   files, except for "%stdin", files given as a command line argument, and
   files contained in paths given by LIBPATH and FONTPATH or specified  by
   the system params /FontResourceDir and /GenericResourceDir.

   This  mode  also  sets  the  .LockSafetyParams parameter of the initial
   output device to protect against programs  that  attempt  to  write  to
   files   using   the  OutputFile  device  parameter.  Since  the  device
   parameters specified on the command line, including OutputFile, are set
   prior  to  SAFER mode, use of "-sOutputFile=..." on the command line is
   unrestricted.

   SAFER mode prevents changing the /GenericResourceDir, /FontResourceDir,
   /SystemParamsPassword, and /StartJobPassword.

   While SAFER mode is not the default, it is the default for many wrapper
   scripts such as ps2pdf and may be the default in a  subsequent  release
   of  Ghostscript.  Thus when running programs that need to open files or
   set restricted parameters you should pass the  -dNOSAFER  command  line
   option or its synonym -dDELAYSAFER.

   When running with -dNOSAFER it is possible to perform a "save" followed
   by ".setsafe", execute a file or procedure in SAFER mode, and then  use
   "restore"  to  return  to  NOSAFER  mode.  In order to prevent the save
   object from being restored  by  the  foreign  file  or  procedure,  the
   ".runandhide"  operator should be used to hide the save object from the
   restricted procedure.

FILES

   The locations of many Ghostscript run-time files are compiled into  the
   executable  when  it  is  built.   Run  "gs -h" to find the location of
   Ghostscript documentation on your system, from which you can  get  more
   details. On a Debian system they are in /usr.

   /usr/share/ghostscript/[0-9]*.[0.9]*/*
          Startup  files,  utilities,  and  basic  font definitions (where
          [0-9]*.[0.9]* is the ghostscript version)

   /usr/share/fonts/type1/gsfonts/*
          More font definitions from the gsfonts package

   /usr/share/doc/ghostscript/examples/*
          Ghostscript demonstration files (if ghostscript-doc  package  is
          installed)

   /usr/share/doc/ghostscript/*
          Diverse  document  files  (may  need  to install ghostscript-doc
          package)

INITIALIZATION FILES

   When looking for the initialization files "gs_*.ps", the files  related
   to  fonts,  or the file for the "run" operator, Ghostscript first tries
   to open the file with the name as  given,  using  the  current  working
   directory  if  no  directory is specified.  If this fails, and the file
   name doesn't specify an explicit  directory  or  drive  (for  instance,
   doesn't  contain "/" on Unix systems), Ghostscript tries directories in
   this order:

   1.  the directories specified by the -I switches in  the  command  line
       (see below), if any;

   2.  the  directories  specified  by the GS_LIB environment variable, if
       any;

   3.  the directories  specified  by  the  GS_LIB_DEFAULT  macro  in  the
       Ghostscript makefile when the executable was built.  GS_LIB_DEFAULT
       is "/usr/share/ghostscript/[0-9]*.[0-9]*/lib" on  a  Debian  system
       where "[0-9]*.[0-9]*" represents the Ghostscript version number

   Each  of these (GS_LIB_DEFAULT, GS_LIB, and -I parameter) may be either
   a single directory or a list of directories separated by ":".

ENVIRONMENT

   GS_OPTIONS
          String of options  to  be  processed  before  the  command  line
          options

   GS_DEVICE
          Used to specify an output device

   GS_FONTPATH
          Path names used to search for fonts

   GS_LIB Path names for initialization files and fonts

   TEMP   Where temporary files are made

X RESOURCES

   Ghostscript,  or  more  properly  the X11 display device, looks for the
   following resources under the program name "Ghostscript":

   borderWidth
          The border width in pixels (default = 1).

   borderColor
          The name of the border color (default = black).

   geometry
          The window size and placement, WxH+X+Y (default is NULL).

   xResolution
          The number of x  pixels  per  inch  (default  is  computed  from
          WidthOfScreen and WidthMMOfScreen).

   yResolution
          The  number  of  y  pixels  per  inch  (default is computed from
          HeightOfScreen and HeightMMOfScreen).

   useBackingPixmap
          Determines whether backing  store  is  to  be  used  for  saving
          display window (default = true).

   See  the  usage document for a more complete list of resources.  To set
   these resources on Unix, put them in a file such as "~/.Xresources"  in
   the following form:

        Ghostscript*geometry:     612x792-0+0
        Ghostscript*xResolution: 72
        Ghostscript*yResolution: 72

   Then merge these resources into the X server's resource database:

        % xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources

SEE ALSO

   The various Ghostscript document files (above), especially Use.htm.  On
   Debian you may need  to  install  ghostscript-doc  before  reading  the
   documentation.

BUGS

   See    http://bugs.ghostscript.com/   and   the   Usenet   news   group
   comp.lang.postscript.

VERSION

   This document was last revised for Ghostscript version 9.19.

AUTHOR

   Artifex Software, Inc. are  the  primary  maintainers  of  Ghostscript.
   Russell  J.  Lang,  gsview at ghostgum.com.au, is the author of most of
   the MS Windows code in Ghostscript.





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