munmap(2)


NAME

   mmap, munmap - map or unmap files or devices into memory

SYNOPSIS

   #include <sys/mman.h>

   void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags,
              int fd, off_t offset);
   int munmap(void *addr, size_t length);

   See NOTES for information on feature test macro requirements.

DESCRIPTION

   mmap()  creates  a  new  mapping  in  the  virtual address space of the
   calling process.  The starting address for the new mapping is specified
   in addr.  The length argument specifies the length of the mapping.

   If addr is NULL, then the kernel chooses the address at which to create
   the mapping; this is  the  most  portable  method  of  creating  a  new
   mapping.  If addr is not NULL, then the kernel takes it as a hint about
   where to place the mapping; on Linux, the mapping will be created at  a
   nearby  page  boundary.   The address of the new mapping is returned as
   the result of the call.

   The contents of a file mapping (as opposed to an anonymous mapping; see
   MAP_ANONYMOUS  below),  are  initialized using length bytes starting at
   offset offset in the file (or other object) referred  to  by  the  file
   descriptor  fd.  offset must be a multiple of the page size as returned
   by sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE).

   The prot argument  describes  the  desired  memory  protection  of  the
   mapping  (and must not conflict with the open mode of the file).  It is
   either PROT_NONE or the bitwise OR of one  or  more  of  the  following
   flags:

   PROT_EXEC  Pages may be executed.

   PROT_READ  Pages may be read.

   PROT_WRITE Pages may be written.

   PROT_NONE  Pages may not be accessed.

   The  flags  argument  determines  whether  updates  to  the mapping are
   visible to other processes mapping the same region, and whether updates
   are   carried  through  to  the  underlying  file.   This  behavior  is
   determined by including exactly one of the following values in flags:

   MAP_SHARED
          Share this mapping.  Updates to the mapping are visible to other
          processes  mapping  the  same  region, and (in the case of file-
          backed mappings) are carried through  to  the  underlying  file.
          (To  precisely  control  when updates are carried through to the
          underlying file requires the use of msync(2).)

   MAP_PRIVATE
          Create a private copy-on-write mapping.  Updates to the  mapping
          are  not  visible  to other processes mapping the same file, and
          are  not  carried  through  to  the  underlying  file.   It   is
          unspecified  whether  changes  made to the file after the mmap()
          call are visible in the mapped region.

   Both of these flags are described in POSIX.1-2001 and POSIX.1-2008.

   In addition, zero or more of the following values can be ORed in flags:

   MAP_32BIT (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)
          Put the mapping into  the  first  2  Gigabytes  of  the  process
          address  space.   This  flag  is  supported  only on x86-64, for
          64-bit programs.  It was added to  allow  thread  stacks  to  be
          allocated somewhere in the first 2GB of memory, so as to improve
          context-switch performance  on  some  early  64-bit  processors.
          Modern   x86-64  processors  no  longer  have  this  performance
          problem, so use of this flag is not required on  those  systems.
          The MAP_32BIT flag is ignored when MAP_FIXED is set.

   MAP_ANON
          Synonym for MAP_ANONYMOUS.  Deprecated.

   MAP_ANONYMOUS
          The  mapping  is  not  backed  by  any  file;  its  contents are
          initialized to zero.  The fd argument is ignored; however,  some
          implementations  require  fd  to  be  -1  if  MAP_ANONYMOUS  (or
          MAP_ANON) is specified, and portable applications should  ensure
          this.    The  offset  argument  should  be  zero.   The  use  of
          MAP_ANONYMOUS in conjunction with  MAP_SHARED  is  supported  on
          Linux only since kernel 2.4.

   MAP_DENYWRITE
          This  flag  is ignored.  (Long ago, it signaled that attempts to
          write to the underlying file should  fail  with  ETXTBUSY.   But
          this was a source of denial-of-service attacks.)

   MAP_EXECUTABLE
          This flag is ignored.

   MAP_FILE
          Compatibility flag.  Ignored.

   MAP_FIXED
          Don't  interpret  addr  as  a hint: place the mapping at exactly
          that address.  addr must be a multiple of the page size.  If the
          memory  region  specified  by addr and len overlaps pages of any
          existing mapping(s), then the overlapped part  of  the  existing
          mapping(s)  will  be discarded.  If the specified address cannot
          be used, mmap() will fail.  Because requiring  a  fixed  address
          for  a  mapping  is  less  portable,  the  use of this option is
          discouraged.

   MAP_GROWSDOWN
          This flag is used  for  stacks.   It  indicates  to  the  kernel
          virtual memory system that the mapping should extend downward in
          memory.  The return address is one page lower  than  the  memory
          area  that  is actually created in the process's virtual address
          space.  Touching an  address  in  the  "guard"  page  below  the
          mapping  will  cause the mapping to grow by a page.  This growth
          can be repeated until the mapping grows to within a page of  the
          high  end of the next lower mapping, at which point touching the
          "guard" page will result in a SIGSEGV signal.

   MAP_HUGETLB (since Linux 2.6.32)
          Allocate the mapping using "huge pages."  See the  Linux  kernel
          source   file   Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt   for   further
          information, as well as NOTES, below.

   MAP_HUGE_2MB, MAP_HUGE_1GB (since Linux 3.8)
          Used in  conjunction  with  MAP_HUGETLB  to  select  alternative
          hugetlb page sizes (respectively, 2 MB and 1 GB) on systems that
          support multiple hugetlb page sizes.

          More generally, the desired huge page size can be configured  by
          encoding  the  base-2  logarithm of the desired page size in the
          six bits at the offset MAP_HUGE_SHIFT.  (A value of zero in this
          bit  field provides the default huge page size; the default huge
          page size can be discovered vie the Hugepagesize  field  exposed
          by  /proc/meminfo.)   Thus,  the above two constants are defined
          as:

              #define MAP_HUGE_2MB    (21 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
              #define MAP_HUGE_1GB    (30 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)

          The range of huge page sizes that are supported  by  the  system
          can   be   discovered   by   listing   the   subdirectories   in
          /sys/kernel/mm/hugepages.

   MAP_LOCKED (since Linux 2.5.37)
          Mark the mmaped region to be locked in the same way as mlock(2).
          This  implementation  will  try to populate (prefault) the whole
          range but the mmap call doesn't fail with ENOMEM if this  fails.
          Therefore  major  faults might happen later on.  So the semantic
          is not as strong  as  mlock(2).   One  should  use  mmap()  plus
          mlock(2)   when  major  faults  are  not  acceptable  after  the
          initialization of the mapping.  The MAP_LOCKED flag  is  ignored
          in older kernels.

   MAP_NONBLOCK (since Linux 2.5.46)
          This  flag  is meaningful only in conjunction with MAP_POPULATE.
          Don't perform read-ahead: create page tables  entries  only  for
          pages that are already present in RAM.  Since Linux 2.6.23, this
          flag  causes  MAP_POPULATE  to  do  nothing.    One   day,   the
          combination    of   MAP_POPULATE   and   MAP_NONBLOCK   may   be
          reimplemented.

   MAP_NORESERVE
          Do not reserve swap space for this mapping.  When swap space  is
          reserved,  one  has  the guarantee that it is possible to modify
          the mapping.  When swap space is  not  reserved  one  might  get
          SIGSEGV  upon  a  write if no physical memory is available.  See
          also the discussion of the  file  /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
          in  proc(5).   In  kernels before 2.6, this flag had effect only
          for private writable mappings.

   MAP_POPULATE (since Linux 2.5.46)
          Populate (prefault) page tables  for  a  mapping.   For  a  file
          mapping,  this causes read-ahead on the file.  This will help to
          reduce blocking on page faults later.  MAP_POPULATE is supported
          for private mappings only since Linux 2.6.23.

   MAP_STACK (since Linux 2.6.27)
          Allocate  the  mapping  at  an address suitable for a process or
          thread stack.  This flag is currently a no-op, but  is  used  in
          the glibc threading implementation so that if some architectures
          require special treatment for  stack  allocations,  support  can
          later be transparently implemented for glibc.

   MAP_UNINITIALIZED (since Linux 2.6.33)
          Don't  clear  anonymous pages.  This flag is intended to improve
          performance on embedded devices.  This flag is honored  only  if
          the       kernel       was       configured       with       the
          CONFIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIALIZED option.  Because of the security
          implications,  that  option is normally enabled only on embedded
          devices (i.e., devices where one has  complete  control  of  the
          contents of user memory).

   Of  the  above  flags,  only MAP_FIXED is specified in POSIX.1-2001 and
   POSIX.1-2008.  However, most systems also support MAP_ANONYMOUS (or its
   synonym MAP_ANON).

   Some systems document the additional flags MAP_AUTOGROW, MAP_AUTORESRV,
   MAP_COPY, and MAP_LOCAL.

   Memory mapped by mmap() is preserved  across  fork(2),  with  the  same
   attributes.

   A file is mapped in multiples of the page size.  For a file that is not
   a multiple of the page  size,  the  remaining  memory  is  zeroed  when
   mapped, and writes to that region are not written out to the file.  The
   effect of changing the size of the underlying file of a mapping on  the
   pages  that  correspond  to  added  or  removed  regions of the file is
   unspecified.

   munmap()
   The munmap() system call deletes the mappings for the specified address
   range,  and  causes further references to addresses within the range to
   generate invalid memory references.  The region is  also  automatically
   unmapped  when  the  process is terminated.  On the other hand, closing
   the file descriptor does not unmap the region.

   The address addr must be a multiple of the page size (but  length  need
   not  be).   All  pages  containing  a  part  of the indicated range are
   unmapped, and  subsequent  references  to  these  pages  will  generate
   SIGSEGV.   It  is  not an error if the indicated range does not contain
   any mapped pages.

RETURN VALUE

   On success, mmap() returns a pointer to the mapped area.  On error, the
   value  MAP_FAILED  (that is, (void *) -1) is returned, and errno is set
   to indicate the cause of the error.

   On success, munmap() returns 0.  On failure, it returns -1,  and  errno
   is set to indicate the cause of the error (probably to EINVAL).

ERRORS

   EACCES A  file  descriptor  refers  to  a  non-regular file.  Or a file
          mapping was requested, but fd  is  not  open  for  reading.   Or
          MAP_SHARED  was  requested  and PROT_WRITE is set, but fd is not
          open in read/write (O_RDWR) mode.  Or PROT_WRITE is set, but the
          file is append-only.

   EAGAIN The  file  has  been  locked, or too much memory has been locked
          (see setrlimit(2)).

   EBADF  fd is not a valid file descriptor  (and  MAP_ANONYMOUS  was  not
          set).

   EINVAL We don't like addr, length, or offset (e.g., they are too large,
          or not aligned on a page boundary).

   EINVAL (since Linux 2.6.12) length was 0.

   EINVAL flags contained neither MAP_PRIVATE or MAP_SHARED, or  contained
          both of these values.

   ENFILE The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been
          reached.

   ENODEV The underlying filesystem of the specified file does not support
          memory mapping.

   ENOMEM No memory is available.

   ENOMEM The  process's  maximum  number  of  mappings  would  have  been
          exceeded.   This  error  can  also  occur  for  munmap(2),  when
          unmapping  a  region in the middle of an existing mapping, since
          this results in two smaller  mappings  on  either  side  of  the
          region being unmapped.

   EOVERFLOW
          On  32-bit  architecture  together with the large file extension
          (i.e., using 64-bit off_t): the number of pages used for  length
          plus  number  of  pages  used for offset would overflow unsigned
          long (32 bits).

   EPERM  The prot argument asks for PROT_EXEC but the mapped area belongs
          to a file on a filesystem that was mounted no-exec.

   EPERM  The operation was prevented by a file seal; see fcntl(2).

   ETXTBSY
          MAP_DENYWRITE was set but the object specified by fd is open for
          writing.

   Use of a mapped region can result in these signals:

   SIGSEGV
          Attempted write into a region mapped as read-only.

   SIGBUS Attempted access to a  portion  of  the  buffer  that  does  not
          correspond to the file (for example, beyond the end of the file,
          including the case  where  another  process  has  truncated  the
          file).

ATTRIBUTES

   For   an   explanation   of   the  terms  used  in  this  section,  see
   attributes(7).

   ┌───────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
   │InterfaceAttributeValue   │
   ├───────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
   │mmap(), munmap()   │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
   └───────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘

CONFORMING TO

   POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.4BSD.

AVAILABILITY

   On POSIX systems on which mmap(), msync(2), and munmap() are available,
   _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES is defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0.
   (See also sysconf(3).)

NOTES

   On  some  hardware  architectures  (e.g.,  i386),  PROT_WRITE   implies
   PROT_READ.   It  is  architecture  dependent  whether PROT_READ implies
   PROT_EXEC or not.  Portable programs should  always  set  PROT_EXEC  if
   they intend to execute code in the new mapping.

   The  portable  way  to create a mapping is to specify addr as 0 (NULL),
   and omit MAP_FIXED from flags.  In this case, the  system  chooses  the
   address  for  the  mapping; the address is chosen so as not to conflict
   with any existing mapping, and will not be 0.  If the MAP_FIXED flag is
   specified,  and  addr  is  0  (NULL), then the mapped address will be 0
   (NULL).

   Certain flags constants are  defined  only  if  suitable  feature  test
   macros  are  defined  (possibly by default): _DEFAULT_SOURCE with glibc
   2.19 or later;  or  _BSD_SOURCE  or  _SVID_SOURCE  in  glibc  2.19  and
   earlier.   (Employing  _GNU_SOURCE  also  suffices,  and requiring that
   macro specifically would have been more logical, since these flags  are
   all  Linux-specific.)  The relevant flags are: MAP_32BIT, MAP_ANONYMOUS
   (and the synonym MAP_ANON),  MAP_DENYWRITE,  MAP_EXECUTABLE,  MAP_FILE,
   MAP_GROWSDOWN,  MAP_HUGETLB,  MAP_LOCKED,  MAP_NONBLOCK, MAP_NORESERVE,
   MAP_POPULATE, and MAP_STACK.

   Timestamps changes for file-backed mappings
   For file-backed mappings, the st_atime field for the mapped file may be
   updated at any time between the mmap() and the corresponding unmapping;
   the first reference to a mapped page will update the field  if  it  has
   not been already.

   The  st_ctime  and st_mtime field for a file mapped with PROT_WRITE and
   MAP_SHARED will be updated after a write  to  the  mapped  region,  and
   before  a subsequent msync(2) with the MS_SYNC or MS_ASYNC flag, if one
   occurs.

   Huge page (Huge TLB) mappings
   For mappings that employ huge pages, the requirements for the arguments
   of  mmap()  and  munmap()  differ  somewhat  from  the requirements for
   mappings that use the native system page size.

   For mmap(), offset must be a multiple of the underlying huge page size.
   The  system  automatically  aligns  length  to  be  a  multiple  of the
   underlying huge page size.

   For munmap(), addr and length must both be a multiple of the underlying
   huge page size.

   C library/kernel differences
   This  page describes the interface provided by the glibc mmap() wrapper
   function.  Originally, this function invoked a system call of the  same
   name.   Since  kernel  2.4,  that  system  call  has been superseded by
   mmap2(2), and  nowadays  the  glibc  mmap()  wrapper  function  invokes
   mmap2(2) with a suitably adjusted value for offset.

BUGS

   On  Linux,  there  are  no  guarantees like those suggested above under
   MAP_NORESERVE.  By default, any process can be  killed  at  any  moment
   when the system runs out of memory.

   In  kernels before 2.6.7, the MAP_POPULATE flag has effect only if prot
   is specified as PROT_NONE.

   SUSv3 specifies that mmap() should fail if length is  0.   However,  in
   kernels  before  2.6.12,  mmap() succeeded in this case: no mapping was
   created and the call returned addr.  Since kernel 2.6.12, mmap()  fails
   with the error EINVAL for this case.

   POSIX specifies that the system shall always zero fill any partial page
   at the end  of  the  object  and  that  system  will  never  write  any
   modification  of  the  object beyond its end.  On Linux, when you write
   data to such partial page after the end of the object, the  data  stays
   in  the  page cache even after the file is closed and unmapped and even
   though the data  is  never  written  to  the  file  itself,  subsequent
   mappings  may  see  the modified content.  In some cases, this could be
   fixed by calling msync(2) before the unmap takes place;  however,  this
   doesn't  work  on tmpfs(5) (for example, when using POSIX shared memory
   interface documented in shm_overview(7)).

EXAMPLE

   The following program prints part of the file specified  in  its  first
   command-line  argument  to  standard  output.  The range of bytes to be
   printed is specified via offset and length values  in  the  second  and
   third  command-line arguments.  The program creates a memory mapping of
   the required pages of the file and then uses  write(2)  to  output  the
   desired bytes.

   Program source
   #include <sys/mman.h>
   #include <sys/stat.h>
   #include <fcntl.h>
   #include <stdio.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <unistd.h>

   #define handle_error(msg) \
       do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)

   int
   main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
       char *addr;
       int fd;
       struct stat sb;
       off_t offset, pa_offset;
       size_t length;
       ssize_t s;

       if (argc < 3 || argc > 4) {
           fprintf(stderr, "%s file offset [length]\n", argv[0]);
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }

       fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
       if (fd == -1)
           handle_error("open");

       if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1)           /* To obtain file size */
           handle_error("fstat");

       offset = atoi(argv[2]);
       pa_offset = offset & ~(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);
           /* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */

       if (offset >= sb.st_size) {
           fprintf(stderr, "offset is past end of file\n");
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }

       if (argc == 4) {
           length = atoi(argv[3]);
           if (offset + length > sb.st_size)
               length = sb.st_size - offset;
                   /* Can't display bytes past end of file */

       } else {    /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */
           length = sb.st_size - offset;
       }

       addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,
                   MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);
       if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
           handle_error("mmap");

       s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);
       if (s != length) {
           if (s == -1)
               handle_error("write");

           fprintf(stderr, "partial write");
           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }

       munmap(addr, length + offset - pa_offset);
       close(fd);

       exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
   }

SEE ALSO

   getpagesize(2),   memfd_create(2),   mincore(2),   mlock(2),  mmap2(2),
   mprotect(2), mremap(2),  msync(2),  remap_file_pages(2),  setrlimit(2),
   shmat(2), shm_open(3), shm_overview(7)

   The  descriptions  of the following files in proc(5): /proc/[pid]/maps,
   /proc/[pid]/map_files, and /proc/[pid]/smaps.

   B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128-129 and 389-391.

COLOPHON

   This page is part of release 4.09 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
   description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
   latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
   https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.





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