pkcs8(1ssl)
NAME
pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool
SYNOPSIS
openssl pkcs8 [-topk8] [-inform PEM|DER] [-outform PEM|DER] [-in filename] [-passin arg] [-out filename] [-passout arg] [-noiter] [-nocrypt] [-nooct] [-embed] [-nsdb] [-v2 alg] [-v2prf alg] [-v1 alg] [-engine id]
DESCRIPTION
The pkcs8 command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
COMMAND OPTIONS
-topk8
Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a
traditional format private key will be written. With the -topk8
option the situation is reversed: it reads a traditional format
private key and writes a PKCS#8 format key.
-inform DER|PEM
This specifies the input format. If a PKCS#8 format key is expected
on input then either a DER or PEM encoded version of a PKCS#8 key
will be expected. Otherwise the DER or PEM format of the
traditional format private key is used.
-outform DER|PEM
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning
as the -inform option.
-in filename
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard
input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a
pass phrase will be prompted for.
-passin arg
the input file password source. For more information about the
format of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-out filename
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard
output by default. If any encryption options are set then a pass
phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should not be the
same as the input filename.
-passout arg
the output file password source. For more information about the
format of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
-nocrypt
PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8
EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo structures using an appropriate password
based encryption algorithm. With this option an unencrypted
PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output. This option does
not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used when
absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of
Java code signing software used unencrypted private keys.
-nooct
This option generates RSA private keys in a broken format that some
software uses. Specifically the private key should be enclosed in a
OCTET STRING but some software just includes the structure itself
without the surrounding OCTET STRING.
-embed
This option generates DSA keys in a broken format. The DSA
parameters are embedded inside the PrivateKey structure. In this
form the OCTET STRING contains an ASN1 SEQUENCE consisting of two
structures: a SEQUENCE containing the parameters and an ASN1
INTEGER containing the private key.
-nsdb
This option generates DSA keys in a broken format compatible with
Netscape private key databases. The PrivateKey contains a SEQUENCE
consisting of the public and private keys respectively.
-v2 alg
This option enables the use of PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms. Normally
PKCS#8 private keys are encrypted with the password based
encryption algorithm called pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC this uses 56 bit
DES encryption but it was the strongest encryption algorithm
supported in PKCS#5 v1.5. Using the -v2 option PKCS#5 v2.0
algorithms are used which can use any encryption algorithm such as
168 bit triple DES or 128 bit RC2 however not many implementations
support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet. If you are just using private keys with
OpenSSL then this doesn't matter.
The alg argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values
include des, des3 and rc2. It is recommended that des3 is used.
-v2prf alg
This option sets the PRF algorithm to use with PKCS#5 v2.0. A
typical value values would be hmacWithSHA256. If this option isn't
set then the default for the cipher is used or hmacWithSHA1 if
there is no default.
-v1 alg
This option specifies a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use. A
complete list of possible algorithms is included below.
-engine id
specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause pkcs8 to
attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the
default for all available algorithms.
NOTES
The encrypted form of a PEM encode PKCS#8 files uses the following
headers and footers:
-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
The unencrypted form uses:
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration
counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional
SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered
important the keys should be converted.
The default encryption is only 56 bits because this is the encryption
that most current implementations of PKCS#8 will support.
Some software may use PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithms with
PKCS#8 format private keys: these are handled automatically but there
is no option to produce them.
It is possible to write out DER encoded encrypted private keys in
PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1
level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level.
PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms.
Various algorithms can be used with the -v1 command line option,
including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail
below.
PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES
These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5
specification. They only offer 56 bits of protection since they
both use DES.
PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 PBE-MD2-RC2-64 PBE-MD5-RC2-64 PBE-SHA1-DES
These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5
specification but they use the same key derivation algorithm and
are supported by some software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0.
They use either 64 bit RC2 or 56 bit DES.
PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 PBE-SHA1-3DES PBE-SHA1-2DES
PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 PBE-SHA1-RC2-40
These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption
algorithm and allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or
128 bit RC2 to be used.
EXAMPLES
Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple
DES:
openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem
Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using AES with
256 bits in CBC mode and hmacWithSHA256 PRF:
openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 aes-256-cbc -v2prf hmacWithSHA256 -out enckey.pem
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm
(DES):
openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm
(3DES):
openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES
Read a DER unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem
Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 format to traditional format:
openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -out key.pem
STANDARDS
Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these algorithms are concerned. The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented: it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default DSA PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.
BUGS
There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm in use and other details such as the iteration count. PKCS#8 using triple DES and PKCS#5 v2.0 should be the default private key format for OpenSSL: for compatibility several of the utilities use the old format at present.
SEE ALSO
dsa(1), rsa(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1)
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