resolver(3)


NAME

   res_ninit,  res_nquery,  res_nsearch,  res_nquerydomain,  res_nmkquery,
   res_nsend,   res_init,    res_query,    res_search,    res_querydomain,
   res_mkquery, res_send, dn_comp, dn_expand - resolver routines

SYNOPSIS

   #include <netinet/in.h>
   #include <arpa/nameser.h>
   #include <resolv.h>

   struct __res_state;
   typedef struct __res_state *res_state;

   int res_ninit(res_state statep);

   int res_nquery(res_state statep,
              const char *dname, int class, int type,
              unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

   int res_nsearch(res_state statep,
              const char *dname, int class, int type,
              unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

   int res_nquerydomain(res_state statep,
              const char *name, const char *domain,
              int class, int type, unsigned char *answer,
              int anslen);

   int res_nmkquery(res_state statep,
              int op, const char *dname, int class,
              int type, const unsigned char *data, int datalen,
              const unsigned char *newrr,
              unsigned char *buf, int buflen);

   int res_nsend(res_state statep,
              const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
              unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

   int dn_comp(const char *exp_dn, unsigned char *comp_dn,
              int length, unsigned char **dnptrs,
              unsigned char **lastdnptr);

   int dn_expand(const unsigned char *msg,
              const unsigned char *eomorig,
              const unsigned char *comp_dn, char *exp_dn,
              int length);

   Deprecated
   extern struct __res_state _res;

   int res_init(void);

   int res_query(const char *dname, int class, int type,
              unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

   int res_search(const char *dname, int class, int type,
              unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

   int res_querydomain(const char *name, const char *domain,
              int class, int type, unsigned char *answer,
              int anslen);

   int res_mkquery(int op, const char *dname, int class,
              int type, const unsigned char *data, int datalen,
              const unsigned char *newrr,
              unsigned char *buf, int buflen);

   int res_send(const unsigned char *msg, int msglen,
              unsigned char *answer, int anslen);

   Link with -lresolv.

DESCRIPTION

   Note:  This  page is incomplete (various resolver functions provided by
   glibc are not described) and likely out of date.

   The functions  described  below  make  queries  to  and  interpret  the
   responses from Internet domain name servers.

   The  API  consists  of a set of more modern, reentrant functions and an
   older set of nonreentrant functions that  have  been  superseded.   The
   traditional  resolver interfaces such as res_init() and res_query() use
   some static (global) state stored  in  the  _res  structure,  rendering
   these  functions  non-thread-safe.   BIND  8.2  introduced a set of new
   interfaces res_ninit(), res_nquery(), and so on, which take a res_state
   as their first argument, so you can use a per-thread resolver state.

   The  res_ninit()  and res_init() functions read the configuration files
   (see resolv.conf(5)) to get the default domain  name  and  name  server
   address(es).   If  no  server is given, the local host is tried.  If no
   domain is given, that associated with the local host is used.   It  can
   be  overridden  with the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN.  res_ninit()
   or res_init() is normally executed by the first  call  to  one  of  the
   other functions.

   The  res_nquery()  and  res_query() functions query the name server for
   the fully qualified domain name name of specified type and class.   The
   reply  is  left  in  the buffer answer of length anslen supplied by the
   caller.

   The res_nsearch() and res_search() functions make a query and waits for
   the  response  like  res_nquery() and res_query(), but in addition they
   implement the default and search rules controlled by  RES_DEFNAMES  and
   RES_DNSRCH (see description of _res options below).

   The  res_nquerydomain()  and  res_querydomain()  functions make a query
   using res_nquery()/res_query() on the concatenation of name and domain.

   The   following   functions   are   lower-level   routines   used    by
   res_query()/res_query().

   The  res_nmkquery()  and  res_mkquery()  functions  construct  a  query
   message in buf of length buflen for the domain name dname.   The  query
   type  op  is  usually  QUERY,  but  can  be any of the types defined in
   <arpa/nameser.h>.  newrr is currently unused.

   The res_nsend() and res_send() function send a preformatted query given
   in  msg  of  length msglen and returns the answer in answer which is of
   length anslen.  They will call res_ninit()/res_init()  if  it  has  not
   already been called.

   The  dn_comp() function compresses the domain name exp_dn and stores it
   in the buffer comp_dn of length length.  The compression uses an  array
   of  pointers  dnptrs  to  previously  compressed  names  in the current
   message.  The first pointer points to the beginning of the message  and
   the  list  ends  with  NULL.   The  limit  of the array is specified by
   lastdnptr.  If dnptr is NULL, domain  names  are  not  compressed.   If
   lastdnptr is NULL, the list of labels is not updated.

   The  dn_expand() function expands the compressed domain name comp_dn to
   a full domain name, which is  placed  in  the  buffer  exp_dn  of  size
   length.   The compressed name is contained in a query or reply message,
   and msg points to the beginning of the message.

   The resolver routines use configuration and state information contained
   in a __res_state structure (either passed as the statep argument, or in
   the global variable  _res,  in  the  case  of  the  older  nonreentrant
   functions).   The  only  field  of  this  structure  that  is  normally
   manipulated by the user is the options field.  This field  can  contain
   the bitwise "OR" of the following options:

   RES_INIT
          True if res_ninit() or res_init() has been called.

   RES_DEBUG
          Print  debugging  messages.   This  option  is available only if
          glibc was  built  with  debugging  enabled,  which  is  not  the
          default.

   RES_AAONLY
          Accept  authoritative  answers only.  res_send() continues until
          it finds an authoritative answer  or  returns  an  error.   [Not
          currently implemented].

   RES_USEVC
          Use TCP connections for queries rather than UDP datagrams.

   RES_PRIMARY
          Query   primary   domain   name  server  only.   [Not  currently
          implemented].

   RES_IGNTC
          Ignore truncation errors.  Don't retry with TCP.

   RES_RECURSE
          Set the recursion desired bit in queries.  Recursion is  carried
          out  by  the domain name server, not by res_send().  [Enabled by
          default].

   RES_DEFNAMES
          If set, res_search() will append  the  default  domain  name  to
          single component names---that is, those that do not contain a dot.
          [Enabled by default].

   RES_STAYOPEN
          Used with RES_USEVC to keep  the  TCP  connection  open  between
          queries.

   RES_DNSRCH
          If  set,  res_search()  will search for hostnames in the current
          domain  and  in  parent  domains.   This  option  is   used   by
          gethostbyname(3).  [Enabled by default].

   RES_INSECURE1
          Accept  a  response  from  a  wrong server.  This can be used to
          detect potential security hazards, but you need to compile glibc
          with  debugging  enabled  and  use  RES_DEBUG  option (for debug
          purpose only).

   RES_INSECURE2
          Accept a response which contains a wrong  query.   This  can  be
          used  to  detect  potential  security  hazards,  but you need to
          compile glibc with debugging enabled and  use  RES_DEBUG  option
          (for debug purpose only).

   RES_NOALIASES
          Disable usage of HOSTALIASES environment variable.

   RES_USE_INET6
          Try  an AAAA query before an A query inside the gethostbyname(3)
          function, and map IPv4 responses in IPv6 "tunneled form"  if  no
          AAAA records are found but an A record set exists.

   RES_ROTATE
          Causes  round-robin  selection  of name servers from among those
          listed.  This has the effect of spreading the query  load  among
          all listed servers, rather than having all clients try the first
          listed server first every time.

   RES_NOCHECKNAME
          Disable the modern BIND checking of incoming hostnames and  mail
          names  for invalid characters such as underscore (_), non-ASCII,
          or control characters.  [Not currently implemented].

   RES_KEEPTSIG
          Do not strip TSIG records.  [Not currently implemented].

   RES_BLAST
          Send each query simultaneously and recursively to  all  servers.
          Note this option overrides RES_ROTATE.

   RES_USEBSTRING (since glibc 2.3.4)
          Make  reverse  IPv6 lookups using the bit-label format described
          in RFC 2673; if this option is not set, then  nibble  format  is
          used.

   RES_NOIP6DOTINT
          Use  ip6.arpa  zone  in  IPv6 reverse lookup instead of ip6.int,
          which is deprecated since glibc 2.3.4.  [Enabled by default].

   RES_USE_EDNS0 (since glibc 2.6)
          Enables support for the DNS extensions (EDNS0) described in  RFC
          2671.

   RES_SNGLKUP (since glibc 2.10)
          By  default,  glibc  performs  IPv4 and IPv6 lookups in parallel
          since version 2.9.  Some appliance  DNS  servers  cannot  handle
          these  queries  properly  and  make the requests time out.  This
          option disables the behavior and makes glibc  perform  the  IPv6
          and  IPv4 requests sequentially (at the cost of some slowdown of
          the resolving process).

   RES_SNGLKUPREOP
          When RES_SNGLKUP option is enabled, opens a new socket  for  the
          each request.

   RES_USE_DNSSEC
          Use  DNSSEC  with  OK  bit  in  OPT record.  This option implies
          RES_USE_EDNS0.

   RES_NOTLDQUERY
          Do not look up unqualified name as a top-level domain (TLD).

   RES_DEFAULT
          Default  option  which   implies:   RES_RECURSE,   RES_DEFNAMES,
          RES_DNSRCH and RES_NOIP6DOTINT.

RETURN VALUE

   The  res_ninit() and res_init() functions return 0 on success, or -1 if
   an error occurs.

   The    res_nquery(),    res_query(),    res_nsearch(),    res_search(),
   res_nquerydomain(),  res_querydomain(),  res_nmkquery(), res_mkquery(),
   res_nsend(),  and  res_send()  functions  return  the  length  of   the
   response, or -1 if an error occurs.

   The  dn_comp()  and  dn_expand()  functions  return  the  length of the
   compressed name, or -1 if an error occurs.

FILES

   /etc/resolv.conf          resolver configuration file
   /etc/host.conf            resolver configuration file

ATTRIBUTES

   For  an  explanation  of  the  terms  used   in   this   section,   see
   attributes(7).

   
   Interface                           Attribute      Value          
   
   res_ninit(), res_nquery(),          Thread safety  MT-Safe locale 
   res_nsearch(), res_nquerydomain(),                                
   res_nsend()                                                       
   
   res_nmkquery(), dn_comp(),          Thread safety  MT-Safe        
   dn_expand()                                                       
   

CONFORMING TO

   4.3BSD.

SEE ALSO

   gethostbyname(3), resolv.conf(5), resolver(5), hostname(7), named(8)

   The GNU C library source file resolv/README.

COLOPHON

   This page is part of release 4.09 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
   description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
   latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
   https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.





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