socket(7)


NAME

   socket - Linux socket interface

SYNOPSIS

   #include <sys/socket.h>

   sockfd = socket(int socket_family, int socket_type, int protocol);

DESCRIPTION

   This  manual  page  describes  the  Linux  networking socket layer user
   interface.  The  BSD  compatible  sockets  are  the  uniform  interface
   between the user process and the network protocol stacks in the kernel.
   The protocol  modules  are  grouped  into  protocol  families  such  as
   AF_INET, AF_IPX, and AF_PACKET, and socket types such as SOCK_STREAM or
   SOCK_DGRAM.  See socket(2) for more information on families and types.

   Socket-layer functions
   These functions are used by the user process to send or receive packets
   and  to  do  other  socket  operations.  For more information see their
   respective manual pages.

   socket(2) creates a socket, connect(2) connects a socket  to  a  remote
   socket  address,  the bind(2) function binds a socket to a local socket
   address, listen(2) tells the  socket  that  new  connections  shall  be
   accepted, and accept(2) is used to get a new socket with a new incoming
   connection.  socketpair(2)  returns  two  connected  anonymous  sockets
   (implemented only for a few local families like AF_UNIX)

   send(2),  sendto(2),  and  sendmsg(2)  send  data  over  a  socket, and
   recv(2), recvfrom(2), recvmsg(2) receive data from a  socket.   poll(2)
   and  select(2)  wait for arriving data or a readiness to send data.  In
   addition,  the  standard  I/O  operations  like  write(2),   writev(2),
   sendfile(2), read(2), and readv(2) can be used to read and write data.

   getsockname(2)  returns  the  local  socket  address and getpeername(2)
   returns the remote socket address.  getsockopt(2) and setsockopt(2) are
   used  to  set or get socket layer or protocol options.  ioctl(2) can be
   used to set or read some other options.

   close(2) is used to close a socket.   shutdown(2)  closes  parts  of  a
   full-duplex socket connection.

   Seeking,  or  calling  pread(2) or pwrite(2) with a nonzero position is
   not supported on sockets.

   It is possible  to  do  nonblocking  I/O  on  sockets  by  setting  the
   O_NONBLOCK  flag  on a socket file descriptor using fcntl(2).  Then all
   operations  that  would  block  will  (usually)  return   with   EAGAIN
   (operation should be retried later); connect(2) will return EINPROGRESS
   error.  The user can then  wait  for  various  events  via  poll(2)  or
   select(2).

   
                               I/O events                              
   
   Event       Poll flag  Occurrence                                 
   
   Read        POLLIN     New data arrived.                          
   
   Read        POLLIN     A connection setup has been completed (for 
                          connection-oriented sockets)               
   
   Read        POLLHUP    A disconnection request has been initiated 
                          by the other end.                          
   
   Read        POLLHUP    A   connection   is   broken   (only   for 
                          connection-oriented protocols).  When  the 
                          socket is written SIGPIPE is also sent.    
   
   Write       POLLOUT    Socket  has  enough  send buffer space for 
                          writing new data.                          
   
   Read/Write  POLLIN |   An outgoing connect(2) finished.           
               POLLOUT                                               
   
   Read/Write  POLLERR    An asynchronous error occurred.            
   
   Read/Write  POLLHUP    The other end has shut down one direction. 
   
   Exception   POLLPRI    Urgent data arrived.  SIGURG is sent then. 
   
   An alternative to poll(2) and select(2) is to let the kernel inform the
   application about events via a SIGIO signal.  For that the O_ASYNC flag
   must be set on a socket file descriptor via fcntl(2) and a valid signal
   handler  for SIGIO must be installed via sigaction(2).  See the Signals
   discussion below.

   Socket address structures
   Each socket domain has its own format  for  socket  addresses,  with  a
   domain-specific  address  structure.   Each  of these structures begins
   with an integer "family" field (typed as  sa_family_t)  that  indicates
   the  type  of  the  address  structure.  This allows the various system
   calls   (e.g.,   connect(2),   bind(2),   accept(2),    getsockname(2),
   getpeername(2)),  which are generic to all socket domains, to determine
   the domain of a particular socket address.

   To allow any type of socket address to be passed to interfaces  in  the
   sockets  API, the type struct sockaddr is defined.  The purpose of this
   type is purely to allow casting of domain-specific socket address types
   to  a  "generic"  type,  so  as  to  avoid compiler warnings about type
   mismatches in calls to the sockets API.

   In  addition,  the  sockets  API  provides   the   data   type   struct
   sockaddr_storage.   This  type is suitable to accommodate all supported
   domain-specific socket address structures; it is large  enough  and  is
   aligned  properly.   (In  particular,  it  is large enough to hold IPv6
   socket addresses.)  The structure includes the following  field,  which
   can  be  used to identify the type of socket address actually stored in
   the structure:

           sa_family_t ss_family;

   The sockaddr_storage structure is useful in programs that  must  handle
   socket  addresses  in a generic way (e.g., programs that must deal with
   both IPv4 and IPv6 socket addresses).

   Socket options
   The socket options listed below can be set by using  setsockopt(2)  and
   read with getsockopt(2) with the socket level set to SOL_SOCKET for all
   sockets.  Unless otherwise noted, optval is a pointer to an int.

   SO_ACCEPTCONN
          Returns a value indicating whether or not this socket  has  been
          marked  to  accept  connections  with  listen(2).   The  value 0
          indicates that this is not  a  listening  socket,  the  value  1
          indicates  that  this is a listening socket.  This socket option
          is read-only.

   SO_ATTACH_FILTER (since Linux 2.2), SO_ATTACH_BPF (since Linux 3.19)
          Attach a classic  BPF  (SO_ATTACH_FILTER)  or  an  extended  BPF
          (SO_ATTACH_BPF)  program  to  the  socket for use as a filter of
          incoming packets.  A  packet  will  be  dropped  if  the  filter
          program  returns zero.  If the filter program returns a non-zero
          value which is less than the packet's data  length,  the  packet
          will be truncated to the length returned.  If the value returned
          by the filter is greater than or  equal  to  the  packet's  data
          length, the packet is allowed to proceed unmodified.

          The  argument  for  SO_ATTACH_FILTER  is a sock_fprog structure,
          defined in <linux/filter.h>:

              struct sock_fprog {
                  unsigned short      len;
                  struct sock_filter *filter;
              };

          The argument for SO_ATTACH_BPF is a file descriptor returned  by
          the  bpf(2)  system  call  and  must  refer to a program of type
          BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER.

          These options may be set multiple times for a given socket, each
          time  replacing  the  previous  filter program.  The classic and
          extended versions may be called on  the  same  socket,  but  the
          previous filter will always be replaced such that a socket never
          has more than one filter defined.

          Both classic and extended BPF are explained in the kernel source
          file Documentation/networking/filter.txt

   SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF, SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF
          For  use  with  the SO_REUSEPORT option, these options allow the
          user to set  a  classic  BPF  (SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF)  or  an
          extended  BPF  (SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF)  program which defines
          how packets are assigned to the sockets in the  reuseport  group
          (that  is, all sockets which have SO_REUSEPORT set and are using
          the same local address to receive packets).

          The  BPF  program  must  return  an  index  between  0  and  N-1
          representing the socket which should receive the packet (where N
          is the number of sockets in the  group).   If  the  BPF  program
          returns an invalid index, socket selection will fall back to the
          plain SO_REUSEPORT mechanism.

          Sockets are numbered in the order in which they are added to the
          group  (that  is,  the order of bind(2) calls for UDP sockets or
          the order of listen(2) calls  for  TCP  sockets).   New  sockets
          added to a reuseport group will inherit the BPF program.  When a
          socket is removed from a reuseport  group  (via  close(2)),  the
          last  socket in the group will be moved into the closed socket's
          position.

          These options may be set repeatedly at any time on any socket in
          the group to replace the current BPF program used by all sockets
          in the group.

          SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF  takes  the  same  argument   type   as
          SO_ATTACH_FILTER  and  SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF  takes  the same
          argument type as SO_ATTACH_BPF.

          UDP support for this feature is available since Linux  4.5;  TCP
          support is available since Linux 4.6.

   SO_BINDTODEVICE
          Bind  this  socket  to  a  particular  device  like  "eth0",  as
          specified in the passed interface name.  If the name is an empty
          string  or  the option length is zero, the socket device binding
          is removed.   The  passed  option  is  a  variable-length  null-
          terminated  interface  name  string  with  the  maximum  size of
          IFNAMSIZ.  If a socket is bound to an  interface,  only  packets
          received  from  that  particular  interface are processed by the
          socket.  Note that  this  works  only  for  some  socket  types,
          particularly  AF_INET  sockets.   It is not supported for packet
          sockets (use normal bind(2) there).

          Before Linux 3.8, this socket option could be set, but could not
          retrieved  with getsockopt(2).  Since Linux 3.8, it is readable.
          The optlen argument should contain the buffer size available  to
          receive  the device name and is recommended to be IFNAMSZ bytes.
          The real device name length  is  reported  back  in  the  optlen
          argument.

   SO_BROADCAST
          Set  or  get the broadcast flag.  When enabled, datagram sockets
          are allowed to send packets to a broadcast address.  This option
          has no effect on stream-oriented sockets.

   SO_BSDCOMPAT
          Enable  BSD  bug-to-bug  compatibility.  This is used by the UDP
          protocol module in Linux 2.0 and 2.2.  If enabled,  ICMP  errors
          received  for  a  UDP  socket  will  not  be  passed to the user
          program.  In later kernel versions, support for this option  has
          been  phased  out:  Linux 2.4 silently ignores it, and Linux 2.6
          generates a kernel warning (printk()) if  a  program  uses  this
          option.   Linux  2.0  also  enabled BSD bug-to-bug compatibility
          options (random header changing, skipping of the broadcast flag)
          for  raw sockets with this option, but that was removed in Linux
          2.2.

   SO_DEBUG
          Enable socket debugging.  Allowed only for  processes  with  the
          CAP_NET_ADMIN capability or an effective user ID of 0.

   SO_DETACH_FILTER (since Linux 2.2), SO_DETACH_BPF (since Linux 3.19)
          These two options, which are synonyms, may be used to remove the
          classic or extended BPF program attached to a socket with either
          SO_ATTACH_FILTER or SO_ATTACH_BPF.  The option value is ignored.

   SO_DOMAIN (since Linux 2.6.32)
          Retrieves  the  socket  domain  as an integer, returning a value
          such as AF_INET6.   See  socket(2)  for  details.   This  socket
          option is read-only.

   SO_ERROR
          Get  and  clear the pending socket error.  This socket option is
          read-only.  Expects an integer.

   SO_DONTROUTE
          Don't send via a gateway, send only to directly connected hosts.
          The  same  effect  can  be achieved by setting the MSG_DONTROUTE
          flag on a socket send(2) operation.  Expects an integer  boolean
          flag.

   SO_KEEPALIVE
          Enable  sending  of  keep-alive  messages on connection-oriented
          sockets.  Expects an integer boolean flag.

   SO_LINGER
          Sets or gets the SO_LINGER option.  The  argument  is  a  linger
          structure.

              struct linger {
                  int l_onoff;    /* linger active */
                  int l_linger;   /* how many seconds to linger for */
              };

          When  enabled,  a  close(2) or shutdown(2) will not return until
          all queued messages for the socket have been  successfully  sent
          or  the  linger  timeout  has been reached.  Otherwise, the call
          returns immediately and the closing is done in  the  background.
          When  the socket is closed as part of exit(2), it always lingers
          in the background.

   SO_LOCK_FILTER
          When  set,  this  option  will  prevent  changing  the   filters
          associated with the socket.  These filters include any set using
          the    socket    options    SO_ATTACH_FILTER,     SO_ATTACH_BPF,
          SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF and SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EPBF.

          The typical use case is for a privileged process to set up a raw
          socket (an operation that requires the CAP_NET_RAW  capability),
          apply  a  restrictive filter, set the SO_LOCK_FILTER option, and
          then  either  drop  its  privileges  or  pass  the  socket  file
          descriptor to an unprivileged process via a UNIX domain socket.

          Once  the  SO_LOCK_FILTER  option  has been enabled, attempts to
          change or remove the filter attached to a socket, or to  disable
          the SO_LOCK_FILTER option will fail with the error EPERM.

   SO_MARK (since Linux 2.6.25)
          Set  the  mark for each packet sent through this socket (similar
          to the netfilter MARK target but  socket-based).   Changing  the
          mark can be used for mark-based routing without netfilter or for
          packet   filtering.    Setting   this   option   requires    the
          CAP_NET_ADMIN capability.

   SO_OOBINLINE
          If  this  option is enabled, out-of-band data is directly placed
          into the receive data stream.  Otherwise,  out-of-band  data  is
          passed only when the MSG_OOB flag is set during receiving.

   SO_PASSCRED
          Enable  or  disable the receiving of the SCM_CREDENTIALS control
          message.  For more information see unix(7).

   SO_PEEK_OFF (since Linux 3.4)
          This option, which  is  currently  supported  only  for  unix(7)
          sockets,  sets  the  value  of the "peek offset" for the recv(2)
          system call when used with MSG_PEEK flag.

          When this option is set to a negative value (it is set to -1 for
          all new sockets), traditional behavior is provided: recv(2) with
          the MSG_PEEK flag will peek data from the front of the queue.

          When the option is set to a value greater than or equal to zero,
          then  the  next  peek at data queued in the socket will occur at
          the byte offset specified by the  option  value.   At  the  same
          time,  the  "peek  offset"  will be incremented by the number of
          bytes that were peeked from the queue, so that a subsequent peek
          will return the next data in the queue.

          If  data  is  removed  from the front of the queue via a call to
          recv(2) (or  similar)  without  the  MSG_PEEK  flag,  the  "peek
          offset"  will  be  decreased by the number of bytes removed.  In
          other words, receiving data without the MSG_PEEK flag will cause
          the  "peek  offset"  to  be  adjusted  to  maintain  the correct
          relative position in the queued data, so that a subsequent  peek
          will  retrieve  the  data that would have been retrieved had the
          data not been removed.

          For datagram sockets, if the "peek offset" points to the  middle
          of a packet, the data returned will be marked with the MSG_TRUNC
          flag.

          The  following  example  serves  to  illustrate   the   use   of
          SO_PEEK_OFF.   Suppose  a stream socket has the following queued
          input data:

              aabbccddeeff

          The following sequence of recv(2) calls would  have  the  effect
          noted in the comments:

              int ov = 4;                  // Set peek offset to 4
              setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEEK_OFF, &ov, sizeof(ov));

              recv(fd, buf, 2, MSG_PEEK);  // Peeks "cc"; offset set to 6
              recv(fd, buf, 2, MSG_PEEK);  // Peeks "dd"; offset set to 8
              recv(fd, buf, 2, 0);         // Reads "aa"; offset set to 6
              recv(fd, buf, 2, MSG_PEEK);  // Peeks "ee"; offset set to 8

   SO_PEERCRED
          Return  the credentials of the foreign process connected to this
          socket.  This is possible  only  for  connected  AF_UNIX  stream
          sockets  and  AF_UNIX  stream  and datagram socket pairs created
          using socketpair(2); see unix(7).  The returned credentials  are
          those  that were in effect at the time of the call to connect(2)
          or socketpair(2).  The argument is a ucred structure; define the
          _GNU_SOURCE  feature test macro to obtain the definition of that
          structure from <sys/socket.h>.  This socket option is read-only.

   SO_PRIORITY
          Set the protocol-defined priority for all packets to be sent  on
          this  socket.   Linux  uses  this  value to order the networking
          queues: packets with a higher priority may  be  processed  first
          depending on the selected device queueing discipline.  Setting a
          priority outside the range 0 to  6  requires  the  CAP_NET_ADMIN
          capability.

   SO_PROTOCOL (since Linux 2.6.32)
          Retrieves  the  socket protocol as an integer, returning a value
          such as IPPROTO_SCTP.  See socket(2) for details.   This  socket
          option is read-only.

   SO_RCVBUF
          Sets  or  gets  the maximum socket receive buffer in bytes.  The
          kernel doubles  this  value  (to  allow  space  for  bookkeeping
          overhead)  when  it is set using setsockopt(2), and this doubled
          value is returned by getsockopt(2).  The default value is set by
          the   /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default   file,  and  the  maximum
          allowed value is set by  the  /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max  file.
          The minimum (doubled) value for this option is 256.

   SO_RCVBUFFORCE (since Linux 2.6.14)
          Using  this  socket option, a privileged (CAP_NET_ADMIN) process
          can perform the same task as SO_RCVBUF, but the  rmem_max  limit
          can be overridden.

   SO_RCVLOWAT and SO_SNDLOWAT
          Specify  the  minimum  number  of  bytes in the buffer until the
          socket layer will pass the data to the protocol (SO_SNDLOWAT) or
          the  user  on  receiving  (SO_RCVLOWAT).   These  two values are
          initialized to  1.   SO_SNDLOWAT  is  not  changeable  on  Linux
          (setsockopt(2)  fails  with the error ENOPROTOOPT).  SO_RCVLOWAT
          is changeable only since Linux 2.4.  The select(2)  and  poll(2)
          system calls currently do not respect the SO_RCVLOWAT setting on
          Linux, and mark a socket readable when even  a  single  byte  of
          data is available.  A subsequent read from the socket will block
          until SO_RCVLOWAT bytes are available.

   SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO
          Specify the receiving or sending  timeouts  until  reporting  an
          error.  The argument is a struct timeval.  If an input or output
          function blocks for this period of time, and data has been  sent
          or  received,  the  return  value  of  that function will be the
          amount of data transferred; if no data has been transferred  and
          the timeout has been reached, then -1 is returned with errno set
          to EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK, or EINPROGRESS (for  connect(2))  just
          as  if  the  socket  was  specified  to  be nonblocking.  If the
          timeout is set to zero (the default), then  the  operation  will
          never  timeout.  Timeouts only have effect for system calls that
          perform  socket  I/O  (e.g.,   read(2),   recvmsg(2),   send(2),
          sendmsg(2));  timeouts  have  no  effect for select(2), poll(2),
          epoll_wait(2), and so on.

   SO_REUSEADDR
          Indicates that the rules used in validating  addresses  supplied
          in  a  bind(2)  call should allow reuse of local addresses.  For
          AF_INET sockets this means that a socket may bind,  except  when
          there  is an active listening socket bound to the address.  When
          the listening socket is bound to INADDR_ANY with a specific port
          then  it  is  not  possible  to  bind to this port for any local
          address.  Argument is an integer boolean flag.

   SO_REUSEPORT (since Linux 3.9)
          Permits multiple AF_INET or AF_INET6 sockets to be bound  to  an
          identical  socket  address.   This  option  must  be set on each
          socket (including the first socket) prior to calling bind(2)  on
          the  socket.   To  prevent  port hijacking, all of the processes
          binding to the same address must have the  same  effective  UID.
          This option can be employed with both TCP and UDP sockets.

          For  TCP sockets, this option allows accept(2) load distribution
          in a multi-threaded server to be improved by  using  a  distinct
          listener  socket  for  each thread.  This provides improved load
          distribution as compared to traditional techniques such using  a
          single  accept(2)ing  thread  that  distributes  connections, or
          having multiple threads that compete to accept(2) from the  same
          socket.

          For  UDP  sockets,  the  use  of  this option can provide better
          distribution of incoming datagrams  to  multiple  processes  (or
          threads)  as  compared  to  the  traditional technique of having
          multiple processes compete to  receive  datagrams  on  the  same
          socket.

   SO_RXQ_OVFL (since Linux 2.6.33)
          Indicates that an unsigned 32-bit value ancillary message (cmsg)
          should be attached to received skbs  indicating  the  number  of
          packets  dropped  by the socket between the last received packet
          and this received packet.

   SO_SNDBUF
          Sets or gets the maximum  socket  send  buffer  in  bytes.   The
          kernel  doubles  this  value  (to  allow  space  for bookkeeping
          overhead) when it is set using setsockopt(2), and  this  doubled
          value is returned by getsockopt(2).  The default value is set by
          the /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default file and the maximum allowed
          value  is  set  by  the  /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max  file.  The
          minimum (doubled) value for this option is 2048.

   SO_SNDBUFFORCE (since Linux 2.6.14)
          Using this socket option, a privileged  (CAP_NET_ADMIN)  process
          can  perform  the same task as SO_SNDBUF, but the wmem_max limit
          can be overridden.

   SO_TIMESTAMP
          Enable or disable the  receiving  of  the  SO_TIMESTAMP  control
          message.   The  timestamp  control  message  is  sent with level
          SOL_SOCKET  and  the  cmsg_data  field  is  a   struct   timeval
          indicating  the  reception time of the last packet passed to the
          user in this call.  See cmsg(3) for details on control messages.

   SO_TYPE
          Gets the socket type as an integer  (e.g.,  SOCK_STREAM).   This
          socket option is read-only.

   SO_BUSY_POLL (since Linux 3.11)
          Sets  the  approximate  time  in  microseconds to busy poll on a
          blocking receive when there is no data.  Increasing  this  value
          requires   CAP_NET_ADMIN.    The  default  for  this  option  is
          controlled by the /proc/sys/net/core/busy_read file.

          The value in the  /proc/sys/net/core/busy_poll  file  determines
          how  long select(2) and poll(2) will busy poll when they operate
          on sockets with SO_BUSY_POLL set and no  events  to  report  are
          found.

          In  both  cases,  busy polling will only be done when the socket
          last received data from a  network  device  that  supports  this
          option.

          While  busy  polling  may  improve latency of some applications,
          care must be taken when using it since this will  increase  both
          CPU utilization and power usage.

   Signals
   When  writing onto a connection-oriented socket that has been shut down
   (by the local or the remote end) SIGPIPE is sent to the writing process
   and  EPIPE  is  returned.   The  signal is not sent when the write call
   specified the MSG_NOSIGNAL flag.

   When requested with the FIOSETOWN fcntl(2) or SIOCSPGRP ioctl(2), SIGIO
   is  sent  when  an  I/O event occurs.  It is possible to use poll(2) or
   select(2) in the signal handler to find  out  which  socket  the  event
   occurred  on.   An  alternative  (in  Linux  2.2) is to set a real-time
   signal using the F_SETSIG fcntl(2); the handler of the real time signal
   will  be  called  with  the  file  descriptor in the si_fd field of its
   siginfo_t.  See fcntl(2) for more information.

   Under some circumstances (e.g., multiple processes accessing  a  single
   socket),   the  condition  that  caused  the  SIGIO  may  have  already
   disappeared when the process reacts to the signal.   If  this  happens,
   the  process  should  wait  again  because Linux will resend the signal
   later.

   /proc interfaces
   The core socket networking parameters can be accessed via files in  the
   directory /proc/sys/net/core/.

   rmem_default
          contains  the  default  setting  in  bytes of the socket receive
          buffer.

   rmem_max
          contains the maximum socket receive buffer size in bytes which a
          user may set by using the SO_RCVBUF socket option.

   wmem_default
          contains the default setting in bytes of the socket send buffer.

   wmem_max
          contains  the  maximum  socket send buffer size in bytes which a
          user may set by using the SO_SNDBUF socket option.

   message_cost and message_burst
          configure the token bucket filter used  to  load  limit  warning
          messages caused by external network events.

   netdev_max_backlog
          Maximum number of packets in the global input queue.

   optmem_max
          Maximum  length of ancillary data and user control data like the
          iovecs per socket.

   Ioctls
   These operations can be accessed using ioctl(2):

       error = ioctl(ip_socket, ioctl_type, &value_result);

   SIOCGSTAMP
          Return a struct timeval with the receive timestamp of  the  last
          packet  passed  to  the user.  This is useful for accurate round
          trip time measurements.  See setitimer(2) for a  description  of
          struct  timeval.   This  ioctl should be used only if the socket
          option SO_TIMESTAMP is not set on  the  socket.   Otherwise,  it
          returns the timestamp of the last packet that was received while
          SO_TIMESTAMP was not set, or it fails if no such packet has been
          received, (i.e., ioctl(2) returns -1 with errno set to ENOENT).

   SIOCSPGRP
          Set  the  process  or  process group that is to receive SIGIO or
          SIGURG signals when I/O  becomes  possible  or  urgent  data  is
          available.   The  argument is a pointer to a pid_t.  For further
          details, see the description of F_SETOWN in fcntl(2).

   FIOASYNC
          Change the O_ASYNC flag to enable or  disable  asynchronous  I/O
          mode  of the socket.  Asynchronous I/O mode means that the SIGIO
          signal or the signal set with F_SETSIG is raised when a new  I/O
          event occurs.

          Argument  is  an  integer  boolean  flag.   (This  operation  is
          synonymous with the use of fcntl(2) to set the O_ASYNC flag.)

   SIOCGPGRP
          Get the current process or process group that receives SIGIO  or
          SIGURG signals, or 0 when none is set.

   Valid fcntl(2) operations:

   FIOGETOWN
          The same as the SIOCGPGRP ioctl(2).

   FIOSETOWN
          The same as the SIOCSPGRP ioctl(2).

VERSIONS

   SO_BINDTODEVICE  was introduced in Linux 2.0.30.  SO_PASSCRED is new in
   Linux  2.2.   The  /proc  interfaces  were  introduced  in  Linux  2.2.
   SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO are supported since Linux 2.3.41.  Earlier,
   timeouts were fixed to a protocol-specific setting, and  could  not  be
   read or written.

NOTES

   Linux assumes that half of the send/receive buffer is used for internal
   kernel structures; thus the values in the corresponding /proc files are
   twice what can be observed on the wire.

   Linux will allow port reuse only with the SO_REUSEADDR option when this
   option was set both in the previous program that performed a bind(2) to
   the port and in the program that wants to reuse the port.  This differs
   from some implementations (e.g., FreeBSD) where only the later  program
   needs  to  set  the  SO_REUSEADDR option.  Typically this difference is
   invisible, since, for example, a server program is designed  to  always
   set this option.

SEE ALSO

   wireshark(1),   bpf(2),   connect(2),   getsockopt(2),   setsockopt(2),
   socket(2), pcap(3), capabilities(7), ddp(7), ip(7), packet(7),  tcp(7),
   udp(7), unix(7), tcpdump(8)

COLOPHON

   This  page  is  part of release 4.09 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
   description of the project, information about reporting bugs,  and  the
   latest     version     of     this    page,    can    be    found    at
   https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.





Opportunity


Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.

Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.





Free Software


Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.


Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.





Free Books


The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.


Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.





Education


Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.


Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.