termios(3)


NAME

   termios,  tcgetattr,  tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, tcflush, tcflow,
   cfmakeraw,   cfgetospeed,   cfgetispeed,   cfsetispeed,    cfsetospeed,
   cfsetspeed - get and set terminal attributes, line control, get and set
   baud rate

SYNOPSIS

   #include <termios.h>
   #include <unistd.h>

   int tcgetattr(int fd, struct termios *termios_p);

   int tcsetattr(int fd, int optional_actions,
                 const struct termios *termios_p);

   int tcsendbreak(int fd, int duration);

   int tcdrain(int fd);

   int tcflush(int fd, int queue_selector);

   int tcflow(int fd, int action);

   void cfmakeraw(struct termios *termios_p);

   speed_t cfgetispeed(const struct termios *termios_p);

   speed_t cfgetospeed(const struct termios *termios_p);

   int cfsetispeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed);

   int cfsetospeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed);

   int cfsetspeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

   cfsetspeed(), cfmakeraw():
       Since glibc 2.19:
           _DEFAULT_SOURCE
       Glibc 2.19 and earlier:
           _BSD_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION

   The termios functions describe a general  terminal  interface  that  is
   provided to control asynchronous communications ports.

   The termios structure
   Many  of the functions described here have a termios_p argument that is
   a pointer to a termios structure.  This structure contains at least the
   following members:

       tcflag_t c_iflag;      /* input modes */
       tcflag_t c_oflag;      /* output modes */
       tcflag_t c_cflag;      /* control modes */
       tcflag_t c_lflag;      /* local modes */
       cc_t     c_cc[NCCS];   /* special characters */

   The  values  that  may be assigned to these fields are described below.
   In the case of the first four bit-mask fields, the definitions of  some
   of  the associated flags that may be set are exposed only if a specific
   feature test macro (see feature_test_macros(7)) is defined, as noted in
   brackets ("[]").

   In  the  descriptions below, "not in POSIX" means that the value is not
   specified in POSIX.1-2001, and "XSI" means that the value is  specified
   in POSIX.1-2001 as part of the XSI extension.

   c_iflag flag constants:

   IGNBRK Ignore BREAK condition on input.

   BRKINT If  IGNBRK  is  set,  a  BREAK is ignored.  If it is not set but
          BRKINT is set, then a BREAK causes the input and  output  queues
          to  be  flushed, and if the terminal is the controlling terminal
          of a foreground process group, it will cause a SIGINT to be sent
          to  this  foreground  process  group.   When  neither IGNBRK nor
          BRKINT are set, a BREAK reads as a null byte ('\0'), except when
          PARMRK  is  set,  in which case it reads as the sequence \377 \0
          \0.

   IGNPAR Ignore framing errors and parity errors.

   PARMRK If this bit is set, input bytes with parity  or  framing  errors
          are  marked  when passed to the program.  This bit is meaningful
          only when INPCK is set and IGNPAR is not set.  The way erroneous
          bytes  are  marked  is  with  two  preceding bytes, \377 and \0.
          Thus, the program actually reads three bytes for  one  erroneous
          byte  received from the terminal.  If a valid byte has the value
          \377, and ISTRIP (see below)  is  not  set,  the  program  might
          confuse   it   with  the  prefix  that  marks  a  parity  error.
          Therefore, a valid byte \377 is passed to  the  program  as  two
          bytes, \377 \377, in this case.

          If  neither  IGNPAR  nor  PARMRK is set, read a character with a
          parity error or framing error as \0.

   INPCK  Enable input parity checking.

   ISTRIP Strip off eighth bit.

   INLCR  Translate NL to CR on input.

   IGNCR  Ignore carriage return on input.

   ICRNL  Translate carriage return to newline on input (unless  IGNCR  is
          set).

   IUCLC  (not in POSIX) Map uppercase characters to lowercase on input.

   IXON   Enable XON/XOFF flow control on output.

   IXANY  (XSI)  Typing  any  character will restart stopped output.  (The
          default is to allow just the START character to restart output.)

   IXOFF  Enable XON/XOFF flow control on input.

   IMAXBEL
          (not in POSIX) Ring bell when input queue is full.   Linux  does
          not implement this bit, and acts as if it is always set.

   IUTF8 (since Linux 2.6.4)
          (not  in POSIX) Input is UTF8; this allows character-erase to be
          correctly performed in cooked mode.

   c_oflag flag constants:

   OPOST  Enable implementation-defined output processing.

   OLCUC  (not in POSIX) Map lowercase characters to uppercase on output.

   ONLCR  (XSI) Map NL to CR-NL on output.

   OCRNL  Map CR to NL on output.

   ONOCR  Don't output CR at column 0.

   ONLRET Don't output CR.

   OFILL  Send fill characters for a delay,  rather  than  using  a  timed
          delay.

   OFDEL  Fill character is ASCII DEL (0177).  If unset, fill character is
          ASCII NUL ('\0').  (Not implemented on Linux.)

   NLDLY  Newline  delay  mask.   Values  are  NL0  and  NL1.    [requires
          _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

   CRDLY  Carriage  return  delay mask.  Values are CR0, CR1, CR2, or CR3.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

   TABDLY Horizontal tab delay mask.  Values are TAB0,  TAB1,  TAB2,  TAB3
          (or  XTABS).   A  value of TAB3, that is, XTABS, expands tabs to
          spaces  (with  tab  stops  every  eight   columns).    [requires
          _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

   BSDLY  Backspace  delay  mask.  Values are BS0 or BS1.  (Has never been
          implemented.)   [requires   _BSD_SOURCE   or   _SVID_SOURCE   or
          _XOPEN_SOURCE]

   VTDLY  Vertical tab delay mask.  Values are VT0 or VT1.

   FFDLY  Form  feed  delay  mask.   Values  are  FF0  or  FF1.  [requires
          _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

   c_cflag flag constants:

   CBAUD  (not  in  POSIX)  Baud  speed  mask   (4+1   bits).    [requires
          _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

   CBAUDEX
          (not in POSIX) Extra baud speed mask (1 bit), included in CBAUD.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

          (POSIX says that  the  baud  speed  is  stored  in  the  termios
          structure  without  specifying  where  precisely,  and  provides
          cfgetispeed() and cfsetispeed() for getting at it.  Some systems
          use  bits  selected  by  CBAUD  in  c_cflag,  other  systems use
          separate fields, for example, sg_ispeed and sg_ospeed.)

   CSIZE  Character size mask.  Values are CS5, CS6, CS7, or CS8.

   CSTOPB Set two stop bits, rather than one.

   CREAD  Enable receiver.

   PARENB Enable parity generation  on  output  and  parity  checking  for
          input.

   PARODD If  set, then parity for input and output is odd; otherwise even
          parity is used.

   HUPCL  Lower modem control lines after last process closes  the  device
          (hang up).

   CLOCAL Ignore modem control lines.

   LOBLK  (not  in POSIX) Block output from a noncurrent shell layer.  For
          use by shl (shell layers).  (Not implemented on Linux.)

   CIBAUD (not in POSIX) Mask for input speeds.  The values for the CIBAUD
          bits are the same as the values for the CBAUD bits, shifted left
          IBSHIFT  bits.   [requires  _BSD_SOURCE  or  _SVID_SOURCE]  (Not
          implemented on Linux.)

   CMSPAR (not  in  POSIX)  Use  "stick" (mark/space) parity (supported on
          certain serial devices): if PARODD is set,  the  parity  bit  is
          always 1; if PARODD is not set, then the parity bit is always 0.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

   CRTSCTS
          (not  in  POSIX)  Enable  RTS/CTS   (hardware)   flow   control.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

   c_lflag flag constants:

   ISIG   When  any  of  the  characters  INTR,  QUIT,  SUSP, or DSUSP are
          received, generate the corresponding signal.

   ICANON Enable canonical mode (described below).

   XCASE  (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux) If ICANON is also set,
          terminal  is  uppercase  only.  Input is converted to lowercase,
          except for characters  preceded  by  \.   On  output,  uppercase
          characters  are  preceded  by  \  and  lowercase  characters are
          converted to uppercase.  [requires _BSD_SOURCE  or  _SVID_SOURCE
          or _XOPEN_SOURCE]

   ECHO   Echo input characters.

   ECHOE  If  ICANON is also set, the ERASE character erases the preceding
          input character, and WERASE erases the preceding word.

   ECHOK  If ICANON is also set, the KILL  character  erases  the  current
          line.

   ECHONL If ICANON is also set, echo the NL character even if ECHO is not
          set.

   ECHOCTL
          (not in POSIX) If ECHO is also set, terminal special  characters
          other than TAB, NL, START, and STOP are echoed as ^X, where X is
          the character with ASCII code  0x40  greater  than  the  special
          character.   For  example,  character 0x08 (BS) is echoed as ^H.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

   ECHOPRT
          (not in POSIX) If ICANON and ECHO are also set,  characters  are
          printed  as  they  are  being  erased.  [requires _BSD_SOURCE or
          _SVID_SOURCE]

   ECHOKE (not in POSIX) If ICANON is also set, KILL is echoed by  erasing
          each  character  on the line, as specified by ECHOE and ECHOPRT.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

   DEFECHO
          (not in POSIX) Echo  only  when  a  process  is  reading.   (Not
          implemented on Linux.)

   FLUSHO (not  in  POSIX;  not  supported  under  Linux)  Output is being
          flushed.  This flag is toggled by typing the DISCARD  character.
          [requires _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE]

   NOFLSH Disable  flushing  the  input  and output queues when generating
          signals for the INT, QUIT, and SUSP characters.

   TOSTOP Send the SIGTTOU signal to the process  group  of  a  background
          process which tries to write to its controlling terminal.

   PENDIN (not  in POSIX; not supported under Linux) All characters in the
          input queue are reprinted  when  the  next  character  is  read.
          (bash(1)  handles typeahead this way.)  [requires _BSD_SOURCE or
          _SVID_SOURCE]

   IEXTEN Enable implementation-defined input processing.  This  flag,  as
          well  as ICANON must be enabled for the special characters EOL2,
          LNEXT, REPRINT, WERASE to be interpreted, and for the IUCLC flag
          to be effective.

   The  c_cc  array defines the terminal special characters.  The symbolic
   indices (initial values) and meaning are:

   VDISCARD
          (not in POSIX; not  supported  under  Linux;  017,  SI,  Ctrl-O)
          Toggle:  start/stop  discarding pending output.  Recognized when
          IEXTEN is set, and then not passed as input.

   VDSUSP (not in POSIX; not  supported  under  Linux;  031,  EM,  Ctrl-Y)
          Delayed  suspend character (DSUSP): send SIGTSTP signal when the
          character is read by the user program.  Recognized  when  IEXTEN
          and  ISIG are set, and the system supports job control, and then
          not passed as input.

   VEOF   (004, EOT, Ctrl-D) End-of-file character (EOF).  More precisely:
          this  character  causes the pending tty buffer to be sent to the
          waiting user program without waiting for end-of-line.  If it  is
          the first character of the line, the read(2) in the user program
          returns 0, which signifies end-of-file.  Recognized when  ICANON
          is set, and then not passed as input.

   VEOL   (0,  NUL)  Additional  end-of-line  character (EOL).  Recognized
          when ICANON is set.

   VEOL2  (not in POSIX; 0, NUL) Yet another end-of-line character (EOL2).
          Recognized when ICANON is set.

   VERASE (0177,  DEL,  rubout,  or  010,  BS,  Ctrl-H,  or  also #) Erase
          character (ERASE).   This  erases  the  previous  not-yet-erased
          character,  but  does  not  erase past EOF or beginning-of-line.
          Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input.

   VINTR  (003,  ETX,  Ctrl-C,  or  also  0177,  DEL,  rubout)   Interrupt
          character  (INTR).   Send a SIGINT signal.  Recognized when ISIG
          is set, and then not passed as input.

   VKILL  (025, NAK, Ctrl-U, or Ctrl-X, or also @) Kill character  (KILL).
          This  erases  the input since the last EOF or beginning-of-line.
          Recognized when ICANON is set, and then not passed as input.

   VLNEXT (not in POSIX; 026, SYN, Ctrl-V) Literal next  (LNEXT).   Quotes
          the  next  input  character,  depriving it of a possible special
          meaning.  Recognized when IEXTEN is set, and then not passed  as
          input.

   VMIN   Minimum number of characters for noncanonical read (MIN).

   VQUIT  (034,  FS,  Ctrl-\) Quit character (QUIT).  Send SIGQUIT signal.
          Recognized when ISIG is set, and then not passed as input.

   VREPRINT
          (not in POSIX;  022,  DC2,  Ctrl-R)  Reprint  unread  characters
          (REPRINT).   Recognized when ICANON and IEXTEN are set, and then
          not passed as input.

   VSTART (021, DC1, Ctrl-Q) Start  character  (START).   Restarts  output
          stopped by the Stop character.  Recognized when IXON is set, and
          then not passed as input.

   VSTATUS
          (not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; status  request:  024,
          DC4,   Ctrl-T).   Status  character  (STATUS).   Display  status
          information at terminal, including state of  foreground  process
          and  amount  of  CPU time it has consumed.  Also sends a SIGINFO
          signal (not supported on Linux) to the foreground process group.

   VSTOP  (023, DC3, Ctrl-S) Stop character  (STOP).   Stop  output  until
          Start  character  typed.   Recognized when IXON is set, and then
          not passed as input.

   VSUSP  (032, SUB,  Ctrl-Z)  Suspend  character  (SUSP).   Send  SIGTSTP
          signal.   Recognized  when  ISIG  is set, and then not passed as
          input.

   VSWTCH (not in  POSIX;  not  supported  under  Linux;  0,  NUL)  Switch
          character  (SWTCH).   Used in System V to switch shells in shell
          layers, a predecessor to shell job control.

   VTIME  Timeout in deciseconds for noncanonical read (TIME).

   VWERASE
          (not  in  POSIX;  027,  ETB,  Ctrl-W)   Word   erase   (WERASE).
          Recognized  when  ICANON and IEXTEN are set, and then not passed
          as input.

   An individual terminal special character can be disabled by setting the
   value of the corresponding c_cc element to _POSIX_VDISABLE.

   The  above  symbolic  subscript  values  are all different, except that
   VTIME, VMIN may have the same value as VEOL,  VEOF,  respectively.   In
   noncanonical  mode  the  special  character  meaning is replaced by the
   timeout meaning.  For  an  explanation  of  VMIN  and  VTIME,  see  the
   description of noncanonical mode below.

   Retrieving and changing terminal settings
   tcgetattr()  gets the parameters associated with the object referred by
   fd and stores them in the termios structure  referenced  by  termios_p.
   This  function  may  be invoked from a background process; however, the
   terminal  attributes  may  be  subsequently  changed  by  a  foreground
   process.

   tcsetattr()  sets  the  parameters associated with the terminal (unless
   support is required from the underlying hardware that is not available)
   from  the termios structure referred to by termios_p.  optional_actions
   specifies when the changes take effect:

   TCSANOW
          the change occurs immediately.

   TCSADRAIN
          the change occurs after  all  output  written  to  fd  has  been
          transmitted.    This   option   should  be  used  when  changing
          parameters that affect output.

   TCSAFLUSH
          the change  occurs  after  all  output  written  to  the  object
          referred by fd has been transmitted, and all input that has been
          received but not read will be discarded  before  the  change  is
          made.

   Canonical and noncanonical mode
   The  setting of the ICANON canon flag in c_lflag determines whether the
   terminal is operating in canonical mode (ICANON  set)  or  noncanonical
   mode (ICANON unset).  By default, ICANON is set.

   In canonical mode:

   * Input  is  made  available  line by line.  An input line is available
     when one of the line delimiters is typed (NL, EOL, EOL2;  or  EOF  at
     the start of line).  Except in the case of EOF, the line delimiter is
     included in the buffer returned by read(2).

   * Line editing is enabled (ERASE, KILL; and if the IEXTEN flag is  set:
     WERASE,  REPRINT,  LNEXT).   A  read(2)  returns  at most one line of
     input; if the read(2) requested fewer bytes than are available in the
     current line of input, then only as many bytes as requested are read,
     and the remaining characters will be available for a future read(2).

   * The maximum line length is  4096  chars  (including  the  terminating
     newline  character);  lines  longer  than  4096  chars are truncated.
     After  4095  characters,  input  processing  (e.g.,  ISIG  and  ECHO*
     processing) continues, but any input data after 4095 characters up to
     (but not including)  any  terminating  newline  is  discarded.   This
     ensures  that  the  terminal  can  always receive more input until at
     least one line can be read.

   In noncanonical mode input is available immediately (without  the  user
   having  to  type  a  line-delimiter  character), no input processing is
   performed, and line editing is disabled.  The  read  buffer  will  only
   accept 4095 chars; this provides the necessary space for a newline char
   if the input mode is  switched  to  canonical.   The  settings  of  MIN
   (c_cc[VMIN])  and  TIME  (c_cc[VTIME])  determine  the circumstances in
   which a read(2) completes; there are four distinct cases:

   MIN == 0, TIME == 0 (polling read)
          If data is available,  read(2)  returns  immediately,  with  the
          lesser  of the number of bytes available, or the number of bytes
          requested.  If no data is available, read(2) returns 0.

   MIN > 0, TIME == 0 (blocking read)
          read(2) blocks until MIN bytes are available, and returns up  to
          the number of bytes requested.

   MIN == 0, TIME > 0 (read with timeout)
          TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second.  The
          timer is started when read(2) is called.  read(2) returns either
          when  at  least one byte of data is available, or when the timer
          expires.  If  the  timer  expires  without  any  input  becoming
          available,  read(2)  returns 0.  If data is already available at
          the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves as though  the
          data was received immediately after the call.

   MIN > 0, TIME > 0 (read with interbyte timeout)
          TIME  specifies  the  limit  for  a timer in tenths of a second.
          Once an initial byte of input becomes available,  the  timer  is
          restarted  after each further byte is received.  read(2) returns
          when any of the following conditions is met:

          *  MIN bytes have been received.

          *  The interbyte timer expires.

          *  The number of bytes requested by read(2) has  been  received.
             (POSIX  does  not  specify this termination condition, and on
             some other implementations read(2) does not  return  in  this
             case.)

          Because the timer is started only after the initial byte becomes
          available, at least one byte will be read.  If data  is  already
          available  at  the time of the call to read(2), the call behaves
          as though the data was received immediately after the call.

   POSIX does not specify whether  the  setting  of  the  O_NONBLOCK  file
   status  flag  takes  precedence  over  the  MIN  and TIME settings.  If
   O_NONBLOCK  is  set,  a  read(2)  in  noncanonical  mode   may   return
   immediately, regardless of the setting of MIN or TIME.  Furthermore, if
   no data is available, POSIX permits a read(2) in noncanonical  mode  to
   return either 0, or -1 with errno set to EAGAIN.

   Raw mode
   cfmakeraw()  sets  the terminal to something like the "raw" mode of the
   old  Version  7  terminal  driver:  input  is  available  character  by
   character,  echoing is disabled, and all special processing of terminal
   input and output characters is disabled.  The terminal  attributes  are
   set as follows:

       termios_p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP
                       | INLCR | IGNCR | ICRNL | IXON);
       termios_p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
       termios_p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN);
       termios_p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB);
       termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8;

   Line control
   tcsendbreak()  transmits  a continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a
   specific duration, if the terminal is using  asynchronous  serial  data
   transmission.   If  duration is zero, it transmits zero-valued bits for
   at least 0.25 seconds, and not more that 0.5 seconds.  If  duration  is
   not  zero,  it  sends  zero-valued bits for some implementation-defined
   length of time.

   If the terminal is not using  asynchronous  serial  data  transmission,
   tcsendbreak() returns without taking any action.

   tcdrain()  waits  until all output written to the object referred to by
   fd has been transmitted.

   tcflush() discards data written to the object referred to by fd but not
   transmitted,  or  data received but not read, depending on the value of
   queue_selector:

   TCIFLUSH
          flushes data received but not read.

   TCOFLUSH
          flushes data written but not transmitted.

   TCIOFLUSH
          flushes both data received but not read, and  data  written  but
          not transmitted.

   tcflow()  suspends  transmission  or  reception  of  data on the object
   referred to by fd, depending on the value of action:

   TCOOFF suspends output.

   TCOON  restarts suspended output.

   TCIOFF transmits a STOP character, which stops the terminal device from
          transmitting data to the system.

   TCION  transmits  a  START  character, which starts the terminal device
          transmitting data to the system.

   The default on open of a terminal file is that neither  its  input  nor
   its output is suspended.

   Line speed
   The baud rate functions are provided for getting and setting the values
   of the input and output baud rates in the termios structure.   The  new
   values do not take effect until tcsetattr() is successfully called.

   Setting  the  speed to B0 instructs the modem to "hang up".  The actual
   bit rate corresponding to B38400 may be altered with setserial(8).

   The input and output baud rates are stored in the termios structure.

   cfgetospeed() returns the  output  baud  rate  stored  in  the  termios
   structure pointed to by termios_p.

   cfsetospeed() sets the output baud rate stored in the termios structure
   pointed to by termios_p to speed, which must be one of these constants:

        B0
        B50
        B75
        B110
        B134
        B150
        B200
        B300
        B600
        B1200
        B1800
        B2400
        B4800
        B9600
        B19200
        B38400
        B57600
        B115200
        B230400

   The zero baud rate, B0, is used to terminate the connection.  If B0  is
   specified,  the  modem  control  lines  shall  no  longer  be asserted.
   Normally, this will disconnect the line.  CBAUDEX is  a  mask  for  the
   speeds beyond those defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above).  Thus, B57600
   & CBAUDEX is nonzero.

   cfgetispeed() returns  the  input  baud  rate  stored  in  the  termios
   structure.

   cfsetispeed()  sets the input baud rate stored in the termios structure
   to speed, which must be specified as one of the Bnnn  constants  listed
   above  for  cfsetospeed().   If the input baud rate is set to zero, the
   input baud rate will be equal to the output baud rate.

   cfsetspeed() is a 4.4BSD extension.  It takes  the  same  arguments  as
   cfsetispeed(), and sets both input and output speed.

RETURN VALUE

   cfgetispeed()  returns  the  input  baud  rate  stored  in  the termios
   structure.

   cfgetospeed() returns the  output  baud  rate  stored  in  the  termios
   structure.

   All other functions return:

   0      on success.

   -1     on failure and set errno to indicate the error.

   Note  that  tcsetattr() returns success if any of the requested changes
   could be successfully carried out.   Therefore,  when  making  multiple
   changes  it may be necessary to follow this call with a further call to
   tcgetattr() to check that all changes have been performed successfully.

ATTRIBUTES

   For  an  explanation  of  the  terms  used   in   this   section,   see
   attributes(7).

   ┌─────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
   │InterfaceAttributeValue   │
   ├─────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
   │tcgetattr(), tcsetattr(), tcdrain(), │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
   │tcflush(), tcflow(), tcsendbreak(),  │               │         │
   │cfmakeraw(), cfgetispeed(),          │               │         │
   │cfgetospeed(), cfsetispeed(),        │               │         │
   │cfsetospeed(), cfsetspeed()          │               │         │
   └─────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘

CONFORMING TO

   tcgetattr(),    tcsetattr(),   tcsendbreak(),   tcdrain(),   tcflush(),
   tcflow(),    cfgetispeed(),    cfgetospeed(),    cfsetispeed(),     and
   cfsetospeed() are specified in POSIX.1-2001.

   cfmakeraw()  and  cfsetspeed()  are  nonstandard,  but available on the
   BSDs.

NOTES

   UNIX V7 and several later systems have a list of baud rates where after
   the  fourteen  values  B0, ..., B9600 one finds the two constants EXTA,
   EXTB ("External A" and "External B").  Many  systems  extend  the  list
   with much higher baud rates.

   The  effect  of  a  nonzero  duration with tcsendbreak() varies.  SunOS
   specifies a break of duration * N seconds, where N is  at  least  0.25,
   and  not more than 0.5.  Linux, AIX, DU, Tru64 send a break of duration
   milliseconds.  FreeBSD and NetBSD and HP-UX and MacOS ignore the  value
   of  duration.   Under  Solaris and UnixWare, tcsendbreak() with nonzero
   duration behaves like tcdrain().

SEE ALSO

   reset(1),    setterm(1),    stty(1),    tput(1),    tset(1),    tty(1),
   console_ioctl(4), tty_ioctl(4), setserial(8)

COLOPHON

   This  page  is  part of release 4.09 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
   description of the project, information about reporting bugs,  and  the
   latest     version     of     this    page,    can    be    found    at
   https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.





Opportunity


Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.

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Free Software


Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.


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The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.


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Education


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Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.