levee(1)
NAME
levee - A Screen Oriented Editor.
SYNOPSIS
levee [+address] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
Levee is a screen oriented editor based on the Unix editor "vi". It provides a terse, powerful way to enter and edit text (however, if you want a word-processor, you're better off with WordStar.) Levee is a moded editor. It operates in 3 modes -- visual, command, and insert. Most of the editing work is done is visual mode, file reading and writing is done in command mode, and insert mode does what you would expect. When you enter Levee, you may specify an address to start editing at. These addresses are in the same format as command mode addresses, except that a naked + will put you at the very end of the file. Levee is copyright (c) 1982-2008 by David L. Parsons. (see the notice at the end of this document for distribution terms)
COMMAND MODE COMMANDS
These commands are used for editing new files, writing modified
files, changing options, doing substitutions, and a subset of the
visual commands. They take as input whole lines, terminated by
return (to execute), or escape (to abort.)
Command mode is reached by typing ":" or "Q" from visual mode. If you
enter command mode by typing ":", Levee will execute one command,
then return to visual mode after prompting you with "[more]". If
you type anything except a space or return, Levee will accept another
command, and so forth. If, however, you enter command mode via "Q",
Levee will remain in command mode until you enter the "visual"
command.
A NOTE ON COMMAND SYNTAX
A command may be preceded by an optional line-range. If you do not
provide a line-range, Levee will use the default line-range shown by
the command. A line-range is one or two address specifications in the
following format:
(.|$|'x|#) [ (+|-) (/patt/|?patt?|#) ]
. current line.
$ last line.
'x the line with mark x on it.
# line #.
For example, ".-5,.+5p" will print every line within ten lines of the
current line. "$-5" is the fifth line from the end of the file, and
"/end/+2" is the second line past the next occurrence of the
pattern "end". Patterns may be regular expressions (see below.)
Also, a naked line-range will set the current line to the first line
in the range and print all the lines in that range. "1,10" sets the
current line to 1, then prints lines 1 to 10.
If you specify a non-existent line in a range, the command
will abort and Levee will tell you "bad address".
Command mode commands
args show the current argument list, if one exists. The file that you
are currently editing will be framed by '[' and ']'.
(.,.)change
delete lines, then enter insert mode.
(.,.)delete
delete lines. Deleted lines are stored in a Yank Buffer for
later putback with "put".
edit[!] [file]
Discard the current file and start editing a new one. If changes
were made to the current file, you must enter "edit!" to force
Levee to discard the changes. If you do not specify a filename,
Levee will try to reedit the current filename.
When Levee reads in a new file, it will tell you how many bytes
it read in, or [overflow] if the file is larger than the
internal buffer (256000 bytes on most platforms; 20k on USCD
Pascal.)
execmode
Remain in command mode until you use the "visual" command.
file[name]
Echo what the current filename is, its status, and the current
line. If you provide it with a name, it will change the filename
to that.
(.)insert
Insert text above the current line. If you specify a line
number, Levee will make that the current line, then insert above
it.
Insert mode commands
^W back over the last word you entered.
^H back over one character.
^U back over all input on this line.
^V escape the next character typed. (For example, ^V^H will put a
^H into the file.)
ESC exit insert mode.
^D If at start of line, reduce indentation 'shiftwidth' columns.
^T If at start of line, increase indentation 'shiftwidth' columns.
When in insert mode, Levee will not allow you to enter any control
characters except return and tab. Return ends input on this line and
opens a new line for input.
map[!][key[text]]
Define/list macros. There are 3 forms of map:
map. This lists all the active macros.
map(key).
This shows the macro associated with (key), if any.
map(key) (text)
This maps (key) to (text). You may map any key except ":" and
escape. In the normal form (map), the macro will be effective in
visual mode, but in the alternate form, (map!), the macro will
be effective in insert and command modes.
For example, if you map!ped return to "hello world", every time you
entered a return in command or visual mode, the string "hello world"
would pop up.
next[file...]
Edit the next file in the arglist, or edit a new arglist. Levee
takes its initial arglist off the command line when you execute
it. If "autowrite" is set, Levee will write out the changes to
the current file before editing the next one.
(.)open
Insert below the current line. Otherwise just like insert.
previous
Edit the previous file in the arglist. Otherwise, like next.
(.,.)print
Display lines without changing the current line.
(.)put Put the contents of the yank buffer back on the line below the
current line. If you specify a line, it resets the current line,
then puts the yank buffer back. The yank buffer is filled by the
delete, change, or yank commands. Put does not destroy the yank
buffer, so you may put back text multiple times.
quit[!]
Exit Levee. If you want to discard changes, use "quit!"
(.)read[file]
put the contents of 'file' after the current line.
rmfile Delete 'file' from disk.
set[option=value]
Set a tunable variable. Levee has a dozen or so user-definable
variables which you can twiddle via this command. There are
boolean, integer, and string variables that you can set. A
string or integer variable is set by "set xxx=yyy", a boolean
variable is set via "set xxx" or "set noxxx".
Here are the settable variables (and abbreviations):
tabsize(ts)
tab stop.
shiftwidth(sw)
columns to shift on ^D, ^T, >>, or <<
scroll number of lines to scroll on ^D, ^U
autoindent(ai)
supply indentation during insert mode.
autowrite(aw)
write out changes before :next, :prev
autocopy(ac)
make backup copies before writing changes.
list display tabs as ^I, end of line as $.
magic use regular expressions in searches.
suffix if the filename does not have a . in it, supply the suffix.
(this is the only string variable.)
overwrite(ow)
destroy old file first, then write.
beautify(be)
When set, Levee will not allow insert of any control character
except tab and return unless you escape it with ctrl-V.
wrapscan
searches wrap around end of buffer.
ignorecase(ic)
Ignore the case of alphabetic characters during searches.
mapslash
(ST version only) Map "/" in filenames to "\". If the
environment contains `mapslash' when levee is called, this
variable will default to true, otherwise it defaults to false.
(See the documentation for the Teeny-shell on how the teeny-
shell interprets `mapslash')
lines(li)
(ST version only) How many lines on the display. This is
primarily for running levee through the serial port - put set
li=xx into your LVRC for a xx line terminal.
cols(co)
(ST version only) How many columns on the display. Like the
lines variable, it's for running levee through the serial port.
You may set multiple variables on one line, as in 'set ws noai'. To
see the current settings of these variables, :set -- without any
arguments -- will show the current settings.
At startup, Levee looks in the environment variable LVRC for a list of
variables to set (GEMDOS/MS-DOS). LVRC is one line of the form
'option=value ...'. If you have a LVRC defined that is 'ts=4 ow nows',
Levee will set tabsize to 4, turn on overwrite, and turn off wrapscan.
If you are using RMX, Levee looks in the file ":home:r?lvrc" for
initialization. If you are using Osy/SWOs, Levee looks in the file
"*.lvrc". The format of these files are different from the LVRC
variable -- see "source" for more information.
sourcefile
Take command mode commands from 'file'. These commands can be
any legal command, except "visual". If a error happens during
execution of 'file', Levee abandons that level of source'ing.
In Osy/SWOs, there are a few differences in insert mode from
within a sourced file. No character has special meaning except a
line containing nothing but a period, which terminates insert
mode. For example:
:commands
:insert
blah blah blah blah blah blah
blah blah blah blah blah blah
blah blah blah blah blah blah
:more commands
If you are running Levee under any other operating system, you cannot
do a insert from a :source file.
(.,.)substitute(delim)patt(delim)repl(delim)[qcpg]
(.,.)substitute&
Search for patt and replace it with repl. Levee will look for
patt once on each line and replace it with repl. The delimiter
may be any ascii character.
The pattern is a regular expression, just like a search pattern.
You may include parts of the pattern in the replacement string;
A '&' in the replacement pattern copies in the whole source
pattern, so if you do a 'sub/this/& and that/g', every instance
of 'this' will be replaced with 'this and that'. Also, you may
pull parts of the pattern out by using the \( and \) argument
meta-characters. Arguments gotten by \( & \) are put into the
replacement string everywhere you do a \1..\9 [ \1 is the first
argument you set up with \( & \) ]. So, if you want to reverse
the order of two substrings, you can do
'sub/\(string1\)\(string2\)/\2\1/'.
substitute& redoes the last substitution.
Options:
q,c before doing the substitute, display the affected line and wait
for you to type a character. If you type 'y', it will do the
substitution. 'q' aborts the substitute, 'a' does the rest of
the change without prompting, and 'n' does not do it.
p print the affected lines after the change.
g do the change globally. That is, do it for every occurrence of
patt on a line, rather than just once.
undo Undo the last modification to the file (except :edit, :next,
:rm, or :write.) You can only undo the last change to a file --
undo counts as a change. :undo followed by :undo does nothing to
the file.
unmap(key)
Undefine a macro (see map).
visual[list]
If you entered command mode by "Q" or "execmode", return to
visual mode. If you provide an argument list, it also does a
`:next' on that list.
version
Show which version of levee this is.
(.,.)write [file]
Write lines to a file. If you write the everything to 'file',
the filename is set to 'file', and if you do not specify a file,
Levee will write to the filename.
(.,.)wq [file]
Write to a file, then quit.
(.,.)yank
Yank lines from the file into the yank buffer, for later putback
with "put".
xit[!] Write changes to the current file, then exit. If there are more
files in the arglist, use "xit!"
![command]
Execute command.
Example:
!ls => does a 'ls'.
This command is available only under GEMDOS, MSDOS, RMX, and Unix.
($)= Give the line number of the addressed line. /end/= gives you the
line number of the next line with a 'end' on it.
VISUAL MODE COMMANDS
Visual mode commands move you around and modify the file. There are
movement commands to move the cursor by a variety of objects.
In the description, a (#) means a optional count. If a command has a
optional count, it will tell you what the count does in parenthesis.
A (*) means that the command can be used in the delete, yank, and
change commands.
Counts are made up by entering digits. If you type '45', the count
will be set to 45. To cancel a count, type ESC.
This section discusses 'whitespace' occasionally. Whitespace is tabs,
spaces, and end of line.
How the display works
Characters are displayed on the screen as you would expect,
except that nonprinting characters are shown as ^x, and tabs expand
to spaces ( unless you set the option list, then they show as ^I.)
When sitting on a control character or tab, the cursor is placed on the
FIRST character displayed. If you move the cursor to any other part of
them ( via j or k -- see below), any changes will start at the next
character.
Levee does not display a end of file marker, but lines past the end
of the file are denoted by ~ lines.
If list is set, tabs display as ^I, and the end of line displays as
$.
If a line is too long for the screen, it will just disappear off the
end of the screen.
Levee will handle any screen resolution and any monospaced font you
hand it ( if you are running in low resolution, Levee will give you a
25x40 window, for example.)
Visual mode commands
^A Show a debugging message at the bottom of the screen. This is
not at all useful unless you are debugging the editor. Ignore
it.
(#)^D Scroll the screen down a half screen. If a count is specified,
scroll down the specified number of lines.
^E Scroll down 1 line (shorthand for 1^D )
^G Show file statistics. Exactly like ':file'.
(*)(#)^H
Move the cursor left one (count) chars.
^I Redraw the screen.
(*)(#)^J
Move down one (count) lines. When you use ^J and ^K (below) to
move up or down lines, the cursor will remain in the same
column, even if it is in the middle of a tabstop or past the end
of a line.
(*)(#)^K
Move up one (count) lines.
(*)(#)^L
Move right one (count) characters.
(*)(#)^M
Move to the first nonwhite space on the next line. If a count is
specified, move to the first nonwhite count lines down.
(#)^U Scroll the screen up a half page. If a count is specified,
scroll up count lines.
^Y Scroll the screen up 1 line (shorthand for 1^U.)
(#)a Insert text AFTER the cursor. If you give a count, the insertion
will be repeated count times ( 40i-ESC will give you a line of
40 dashes).
The commands in insert mode are the same for visual and command
mode.
(*)(#)b
Move to the beginning of the last word (the count'th word back).
A word is a collection of alphanumeric characters (a-z0-9$_#) or
any other nonwhite character (i.e. anything but space, tab,
eoln).
c Change a object. Change deletes an object, then enters insert
mode without redrawing the screen. When you tell it the object
to be changed, Levee puts a '$' on the last character of the
object. You cannot change backwards.
The object may be any visual mode command marked with a '(*) '.
For example, 'c4l' will change the next 4 characters on the line
to something else. (4cl does the same thing -- 4c4l changes the
next 16 characters on this line.)
'cc' will change whole lines.
When changing, deleting, or yanking a object, it will be placed
into a yank buffer, where it can be retrieved by the 'p' or 'P'
commands.
(#)d Delete an object. Like 'cc', 'dd' affects whole lines.
(*)(#)e
Move to the end of the current word.
(*)(#)f(x)
Find the next (count'th) occurrence of a character on the
current line. For example, if the cursor is sitting on the
first character of the line 'abcdef', typing "ff" will put the
cursor on the 'f'.
(*)(#)h
Move left one (count) characters. Exactly like ^H.
(#)i Start inserting characters at the cursor. If you specify a
count, the insertion will be duplicated count times.
(*)(#)j
Move down one (count) lines. Exactly like ^J.
(*)(#)k
Move up one (count) lines. Exactly like ^K.
,B (*) (#)l
Move right one (count) character. Exactly like ^L.
m(x) Set the marker (x). There are 26 markers available (a-z). You
may move to a marker by use of the ' or ` commands.
(*)n Find the next occurrence of a search pattern. When you do a
search with a / or ? command, Levee will remember the pattern
and the direction you searched in. 'n' will search in the same
direction for the pattern, 'N' searches in the opposite
direction.
o Open a line below the current line for insertion.
p Put yanked/deleted text back after the cursor. Text is yanked by
the delete (d,x,X,D), change (c,C,s,S), and yank (y,Y) commands.
(#)r(x)
Replace characters (up to end of line) with (x). '4ra' will
change the next 4 characters after the cursor into 'aaaa'.
(#)s change one (count) characters. Shorthand for (#)cl.
(*)(#)t(x)
Move up to a character on the current line. If you are on the
first character of the line 'abcdef' and you type 'tf', you will
end up sitting on the 'e'.
u Undo last modification. You can undo ANY modification command
except :edit, :next, :rm, or :write. (Just like :undo).
(*)(#)v
Move back to the very end of the previous (count'th) word. See
'b' for the definition of a word.
(*)(#)w
Move up to the very beginning of the next (count'th) word.
(#)x Delete one (count) characters forward. Shorthand for (#)dl.
y Yank an object for later use by put. 'yy' yanks whole lines.
A Append text at the end of the line. Shorthand for $a.
(*)(#)B
Move to the beginning of the current word. Exactly like 'b'.
NOTE: this is incorrect. the capitalized word movement commands
should, and will in the future, be used for movement by space-
delimited words.
C Change to the end of the line. Shorthand for c$.
D Delete to the end of the line. Shorthand for d$.
(*)(#)F(x)
Move to the first (count'th) previous occurrence of a character
on the current line. If you are sitting at the end of the line
'abcdef', typing "Fa" will move you back to the 'a' at the start
of the line.
(*)(#)G
Goto line. If you specify a count, Levee will move to that line,
and if there is no count, Levee moves to the absolute end of the
file.
To get to the start of the file, type "1G". To the end, just
"G".
(*)H Move to the first nonwhite character at the top of the screen.
I Insert at the end of the current line. Shorthand for $i.
(#)J Join two (count+1) lines together. Joining appends the second
line at the end of the first, putting a space between them. If
the first line ends in whitespace, Levee will not put in a
space.
(*)L Move to the last nonwhite character on the last line of the
screen.
(*)M Move to the first nonwhite character in the middle of the
screen.
O Open a line above the current line. Otherwise works just like
'o'.
P Put back the yank buffer at the cursor. Otherwise works just
like 'p'.
Q Enter and remain in command mode. Just like the command :exec.
To get back to visual mode, you must enter the command
':visual'.
R Replace mode. A limited subset of insert mode that overwrites
characters up to end of line. All of the normal insert mode
commands apply. If you overwrite a character, then back over it
with ^H,^U, or ^W, it will reappear after you exit Replace mode.
Escape exits replace mode.
NOTE: due to a bug, entering a <return> in Replace mode will
drop you back into visual mode with an error. The replacements
you have made will remain.
S Change characters backwards. Shorthand for (#)ch.
(*)(#)T(x)
Move back to character on current line. If you are on the last
character of the line 'abcdef', typing "Ta" will move you back
to the 'b'.
(*)(#)W
Move to end of word. Exactly like 'e'.
(#)X Delete characters backwards. Shorthand for (#)dh.
Y Yank to end of line. Shorthand for y$.
ZZ Write changes to current file and exit if last file in arglist.
Exactly like :xit.
(*)(#)$
Move to end of line. If you give a count, move to the end of the
(count-1) line down (so 2$ moves you to the end of the next
line.).
0 Move to the beginning of the current line. Shorthand for 0|.
(#)! Pipe an object through an external program. Like 'cc', '!!'
affects whole lines.
(*)% Find matching bracket, parenthesis, or squiggly bracket. If you
are not sitting on a '[]{}()', Levee will search forward for one
of them on the current line, then match whatever it finds.
[space]
Move to the first nonwhite character on the current line.
& Redo last substitution command.
(*)(#){
Move to the beginning of the count'th paragraph back. A
paragraph is delimited by a blank line.
(*)(#)}
Move to the end of the count'th paragraph forward.
(*)(#)(
Move to the beginning of the count'th sentence back. A sentence
is delimited by a ., a !, or a ? followed by a space, a tab, or
end of line.
(*)(#))
Move to the end of the count'th sentence forward.
(*)(#)-
Move to the (count'th) previous line, first nonwhite.
(*)(#)+
Move to the (count'th) next line, first nonwhite.
(#)~ Change the case of the next count characters. Upper case becomes
lowercase, lowercase becomes uppercase.
(*)`(x)
Move to the exact position of mark (x). There is a special mark
for some of the visual mode move meant commands -- '' will move
you to where you were before the last (,),',`,G,/,?,n,N command.
: Execute one command mode command. When the command is done, it
will return to visual mode if it produces one line of output,
but if it scrolls the screen, Levee will prompt [more] before
returning to visual mode. If you type a : in response to the
[more] prompt, Levee will remain in command mode for one more
command.
(#)<(#)
Shift one (count) objects left. If you specify a second count,
Levee will shift the object left that many columns -- if you do
not, they will be sh shifted shiftwidth columns.
This is a nondestructive shift. If the shift would carry past
the left margin, the objects will be moved up to the left margin
but no farther.
Like the other object movement commands, '<<' will affect whole
lines.
(#)>(#)
Shift one (count) objects right. Just like <, except it will not
shift objects past the right margin of the screen. If you do
shift an object past the right margin of the screen, all of its
indent will be removed and it will end up by the left margin.
. Repeat last modification command. (except undo)
(*)? Search for pattern backwards. Escape aborts the search pattern,
and a empty pattern means search for the last pattern again.
(*)/ Search for pattern forwards. Otherwise like ?.
(#)| Move to specified column. If you don't have a count, move to
column 0.
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
Levee gives special meanings to some characters during a pattern
match. The character "." will match any one char, the character "*"
will match zero or more occurrences of the previous char ( so, a* will
match 'a','aa','aaa', etc, or it will match nothing at all). If a
pattern begins with "^", it will only match at the beginning of a
line, and patterns ending with a "$" will only match at the end of a
line.
Brackets ('[]') have special meaning as well. They mean match any one
of the characters inside the brackets. '[abc]' will match 'a', 'b',
or 'c'. You may specify a range of characters inside brackets by
using a dash (-). '[a-z]' will match any lowercase alphabetic
character. If ^ is the first character in the bracket, it means
match any character except those in the brackets. '[^abc]' will
match anything except 'a','b', or 'c'.
Backslash takes away special meaning for these chars, but '\t'
specifies a tab, and \( & \) delimit arguments inside a pattern
(used only by :substitute.) The patterns \< and \> have special
meaning, too; they match the start and end of alpha-numeric tokens.
If you turn off the editor variable 'magic', none of the above
characters will have special meaning inside of a pattern (see
'set').
Some example patterns:
^end$ Find a line that is just 'end'.
[Ee][Nn][Dd]
Find a 'end', ignoring case.
[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*
Find the next identifier.
([*].*[*])
Find the next one-line pascal comment.
<the> Find the next occurrence of `the'.
LIMITATIONS
Levee can only edit files up to 256000 characters long. ^M is used as its internal line separator, so inserting ^M will have interesting consequences.
BUGS
Probably infinite.
AUTHOR
David L. Parsons (orc@pell.chi.il.us) Testing, suggestions, and impractical design goals by: Jim Bolland. John Tainter. John Plocher.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1982-2007 David L Parsons All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, without or without modification, are permitted provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation, advertising materials, and other materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed by David L Parsons (orc@pell.chi.il.us). My name may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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