ncgen(1)
NAME
ncgen - From a CDL file generate a netCDF-3 file, a netCDF-4 file or a C program
SYNOPSIS
ncgen [-b] [-c] [-f] [-k format_name] [-format_code] [-l output
language] [-n] [-o netcdf_filename] [-x] [input_file]
DESCRIPTION
ncgen generates either a netCDF-3 (i.e. classic) binary .nc file, a netCDF-4 (i.e. enhanced) binary .nc file or a file in some source language that when executed will construct the corresponding binary .nc file. The input to ncgen is a description of a netCDF file in a small language known as CDL (network Common Data form Language), described below. Input is read from standard input if no input_file is specified. If no options are specified in invoking ncgen, it merely checks the syntax of the input CDL file, producing error messages for any violations of CDL syntax. Other options can be used, for example, to create the corresponding netCDF file, or to generate a C program that uses the netCDF C interface to create the netCDF file. Note that this version of ncgen was originally called ncgen4. The older ncgen program has been renamed to ncgen3. ncgen may be used with the companion program ncdump to perform some simple operations on netCDF files. For example, to rename a dimension in a netCDF file, use ncdump to get a CDL version of the netCDF file, edit the CDL file to change the name of the dimensions, and use ncgen to generate the corresponding netCDF file from the edited CDL file.
OPTIONS
-b Create a (binary) netCDF file. If the -o option is absent, a
default file name will be constructed from the basename of the
CDL file, with any suffix replaced by the `.nc' extension. If a
file already exists with the specified name, it will be
overwritten.
-c Generate C source code that will create a netCDF file matching
the netCDF specification. The C source code is written to
standard output; equivalent to -lc.
-f Generate FORTRAN 77 source code that will create a netCDF file
matching the netCDF specification. The source code is written
to standard output; equivalent to -lf77.
-o netcdf_file
Name of the file to pass to calls to "nc_create()". If this
option is specified it implies (in the absence of any explicit
-l flag) the "-b" option. This option is necessary because
netCDF files cannot be written directly to standard output,
since standard output is not seekable.
-k format_name
-format_code
The -k flag specifies the format of the file to be created and,
by inference, the data model accepted by ncgen (i.e. netcdf-3
(classic) versus netcdf-4 vs netcdf-5). As a shortcut, a numeric
format_code may be specified instead. The possible format_name
values for the -k option are:
'classic' or 'nc3' => netCDF classic format
'64-bit offset' or 'nc6' => netCDF 64-bit format
'64-bit data or 'nc5' => netCDF-5 (64-bit data) format
'netCDF-4' 0r 'nc4' => netCDF-4 format (enhanced data
model)
'netCDF-4 classic model' or 'nc7' => netCDF-4 classic
model format
Accepted format_number arguments, just shortcuts for format_names, are:
3 => netcdf classic format
5 => netcdf 5 format
6 => netCDF 64-bit format
4 => netCDF-4 format (enhanced data model)
7 => netCDF-4 classic model format
The numeric code "7" is used because "7=3+4", a mnemonic for the format
that uses the netCDF-3 data model for compatibility with the netCDF-4
storage format for performance. Credit is due to NCO for use of these
numeric codes instead of the old and confusing format numbers.
Note: The old version format numbers '1', '2', '3', '4', equivalent to
the format names 'nc3', 'nc6', 'nc4', or 'nc7' respectively, are also
still accepted but deprecated, due to easy confusion between format
numbers and format names. Various old format name aliases are also
accepted but deprecated, e.g. 'hdf5', 'enhanced-nc3', etc. Also, note
that -v is accepted to mean the same thing as -k for backward
compatibility.
-x Don't initialize data with fill values. This can speed up
creation of large netCDF files greatly, but later attempts to
read unwritten data from the generated file will not be easily
detectable.
-l output_language
The -l flag specifies the output language to use when generating
source code that will create or define a netCDF file matching
the netCDF specification. The output is written to standard
output. The currently supported languages have the following
flags.
c|C' => C language output.
f77|fortran77' => FORTRAN 77 language output
; note that currently only the classic model is
supported.
j|java' => (experimental) Java language output
; targets the existing Unidata Java interface,
which means that only the classic model is
supported.
Choosing the output format
The choice of output format is determined by three flags.
-k flag.
_Format attribute (see below).
Occurrence of CDF-5 (64-bit data) or
netcdf-4 constructs in the input CDL." The term "netCDF-4
constructs" means constructs from the enhanced data model, not
just special performance-related attributes such as
_ChunkSizes, _DeflateLevel, _Endianness, etc. The term "CDF-5
constructs" means extended unsigned integer types allowed in the
64-bit data model.
Note that there is an ambiguity between the netCDF-4 case and the CDF-5
case is only an unsigned type is seen in the input.
The rules are as follows, in order of application.
1. If either Fortran or Java output is specified, then -k flag
value of 1 (classic model) will be used. Conflicts with the use
of enhanced constructs in the CDL will report an error.
2. If both the -k flag and _Format attribute are specified, the
_Format flag will be ignored. If no -k flag is specified, and a
_Format attribute value is specified, then the -k flag value
will be set to that of the _Format attribute. Otherwise the -k
flag is undefined.
3. If the -k option is defined and is consistent with the CDL,
ncgen will output a file in the requested form, else an error
will be reported.
4. If the -k flag is undefined, and if there are CDF-5 constructs,
only, in the CDL, a -k flag value of 5 (64-bit data model) will
be used. If there are true netCDF-4 constructs in the CDL, a -k
flag value of 3 (enhanced model) will be used.
5. If special performance-related attributes are specified in the
CDL, a -k flag value of 4 (netCDF-4 classic model) will be used.
6. Otherwise ncgen will set the -k flag to 1 (classic model).
EXAMPLES
Check the syntax of the CDL file `foo.cdl':
ncgen foo.cdl
From the CDL file `foo.cdl', generate an equivalent binary netCDF file
named `x.nc':
ncgen -o x.nc foo.cdl
From the CDL file `foo.cdl', generate a C program containing the netCDF
function invocations necessary to create an equivalent binary netCDF
file named `x.nc':
ncgen -lc foo.cdl >x.c
USAGE
CDL Syntax Overview
Below is an example of CDL syntax, describing a netCDF file with
several named dimensions (lat, lon, and time), variables (Z, t, p, rh,
lat, lon, time), variable attributes (units, long_name, valid_range,
_FillValue), and some data. CDL keywords are in boldface. (This
example is intended to illustrate the syntax; a real CDL file would
have a more complete set of attributes so that the data would be more
completely self-describing.)
netcdf foo { // an example netCDF specification in CDL
types:
ubyte enum enum_t {Clear = 0, Cumulonimbus = 1, Stratus = 2};
opaque(11) opaque_t;
int(*) vlen_t;
dimensions:
lat = 10, lon = 5, time = unlimited ;
variables:
long lat(lat), lon(lon), time(time);
float Z(time,lat,lon), t(time,lat,lon);
double p(time,lat,lon);
long rh(time,lat,lon);
string country(time,lat,lon);
ubyte tag;
// variable attributes
lat:long_name = "latitude";
lat:units = "degrees_north";
lon:long_name = "longitude";
lon:units = "degrees_east";
time:units = "seconds since 1992-1-1 00:00:00";
// typed variable attributes
string Z:units = "geopotential meters";
float Z:valid_range = 0., 5000.;
double p:_FillValue = -9999.;
long rh:_FillValue = -1;
vlen_t :globalatt = {17, 18, 19};
data:
lat = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90;
lon = -140, -118, -96, -84, -52;
group: g {
types:
compound cmpd_t { vlen_t f1; enum_t f2;};
} // group g
group: h {
variables:
/g/cmpd_t compoundvar;
data:
compoundvar = { {3,4,5}, enum_t.Stratus } ;
} // group h
}
All CDL statements are terminated by a semicolon. Spaces, tabs, and
newlines can be used freely for readability. Comments may follow the
characters `//' on any line.
A CDL description consists of five optional parts: types, dimensions,
variables, data, beginning with the keyword `types:', `dimensions:',
`variables:', and `data:', respectively. Note several things: (1) the
keyword includes the trailing colon, so there must not be any space
before the colon character, and (2) the keywords are required to be
lower case.
The variables: section may contain variable declarations and attribute
assignments. All sections may contain global attribute assignments.
In addition, after the data: section, the user may define a series of
groups (see the example above). Groups themselves can contain types,
dimensions, variables, data, and other (nested) groups.
The netCDF types: section declares the user defined types. These may
be constructed using any of the following types: enum, vlen, opaque, or
compound.
A netCDF dimension is used to define the shape of one or more of the
multidimensional variables contained in the netCDF file. A netCDF
dimension has a name and a size. A dimension can have the unlimited
size, which means a variable using this dimension can grow to any
length in that dimension.
A variable represents a multidimensional array of values of the same
type. A variable has a name, a data type, and a shape described by its
list of dimensions. Each variable may also have associated attributes
(see below) as well as data values. The name, data type, and shape of
a variable are specified by its declaration in the variable section of
a CDL description. A variable may have the same name as a dimension;
by convention such a variable is one-dimensional and contains
coordinates of the dimension it names. Dimensions need not have
corresponding variables.
A netCDF attribute contains information about a netCDF variable or
about the whole netCDF dataset. Attributes are used to specify such
properties as units, special values, maximum and minimum valid values,
scaling factors, offsets, and parameters. Attribute information is
represented by single values or arrays of values. For example, "units"
is an attribute represented by a character array such as "celsius". An
attribute has an associated variable, a name, a data type, a length,
and a value. In contrast to variables that are intended for data,
attributes are intended for metadata (data about data). Unlike
netCDF-3, attribute types can be any user defined type as well as the
usual built-in types.
In CDL, an attribute is designated by a a type, a variable, a ':', and
then an attribute name. The type is optional and if missing, it will
be inferred from the values assigned to the attribute. It is possible
to assign global attributes not associated with any variable to the
netCDF as a whole by omitting the variable name in the attribute
declaration. Notice that there is a potential ambiguity in a
specification such as
x : a = ...
In this situation, x could be either a type for a global attribute, or
the variable name for an attribute. Since there could both be a type
named x and a variable named x, there is an ambiguity. The rule is
that in this situation, x will be interpreted as a type if possible,
and otherwise as a variable.
If not specified, the data type of an attribute in CDL is derived from
the type of the value(s) assigned to it. The length of an attribute is
the number of data values assigned to it, or the number of characters
in the character string assigned to it. Multiple values are assigned
to non-character attributes by separating the values with commas. All
values assigned to an attribute must be of the same type.
The names for CDL dimensions, variables, attributes, types, and groups
may contain any non-control utf-8 character except the forward slash
character (`/'). However, certain characters must escaped if they are
used in a name, where the escape character is the backward slash `\'.
In particular, if the leading character off the name is a digit (0-9),
then it must be preceded by the escape character. In addition, the
characters ` !"#$%&()*,:;<=>?[]^`{}|~\' must be escaped if they occur
anywhere in a name. Note also that attribute names that begin with an
underscore (`_') are reserved for the use of Unidata and should not be
used in user defined attributes.
Note also that the words `variable', `dimension', `data', `group', and
`types' are legal CDL names, but be careful that there is a space
between them and any following colon character when used as a variable
name. This is mostly an issue with attribute declarations. For
example, consider this.
netcdf ... {
...
variables:
int dimensions;
dimensions: attribute=0 ; // this will cause an error
dimensions : attribute=0 ; // this is ok.
...
}
The optional data: section of a CDL specification is where netCDF
variables may be initialized. The syntax of an initialization is
simple: a variable name, an equals sign, and a comma-delimited list of
constants (possibly separated by spaces, tabs and newlines) terminated
with a semicolon. For multi-dimensional arrays, the last dimension
varies fastest. Thus row-order rather than column order is used for
matrices. If fewer values are supplied than are needed to fill a
variable, it is extended with a type-dependent `fill value', which can
be overridden by supplying a value for a distinguished variable
attribute named `_FillValue'. The types of constants need not match
the type declared for a variable; coercions are done to convert
integers to floating point, for example. The constant `_' can be used
to designate the fill value for a variable. If the type of the
variable is explicitly `string', then the special constant `NIL` can be
used to represent a nil string, which is not the same as a zero length
string.
Primitive Data Types
char characters
byte 8-bit data
short 16-bit signed integers
int 32-bit signed integers
long (synonymous with int)
int64 64-bit signed integers
float IEEE single precision floating point (32 bits)
real (synonymous with float)
double IEEE double precision floating point (64 bits)
ubyte unsigned 8-bit data
ushort 16-bit unsigned integers
uint 32-bit unsigned integers
uint64 64-bit unsigned integers
string arbitrary length strings
CDL supports a superset of the primitive data types of C. The names
for the primitive data types are reserved words in CDL, so the names of
variables, dimensions, and attributes must not be primitive type names.
In declarations, type names may be specified in either upper or lower
case.
Bytes are intended to hold a full eight bits of data, and the zero byte
has no special significance, as it mays for character data. ncgen
converts byte declarations to char declarations in the output C code
and to the nonstandard BYTE declaration in output Fortran code.
Shorts can hold values between -32768 and 32767. ncgen converts short
declarations to short declarations in the output C code and to the
nonstandard INTEGER*2 declaration in output Fortran code.
Ints can hold values between -2147483648 and 2147483647. ncgen
converts int declarations to int declarations in the output C code and
to INTEGER declarations in output Fortran code. long is accepted as a
synonym for int in CDL declarations, but is deprecated since there are
now platforms with 64-bit representations for C longs.
Int64 can hold values between -9223372036854775808 and
9223372036854775807. ncgen converts int64 declarations to longlong
declarations in the output C code.
Floats can hold values between about -3.4+38 and 3.4+38. Their
external representation is as 32-bit IEEE normalized single-precision
floating point numbers. ncgen converts float declarations to float
declarations in the output C code and to REAL declarations in output
Fortran code. real is accepted as a synonym for float in CDL
declarations.
Doubles can hold values between about -1.7+308 and 1.7+308. Their
external representation is as 64-bit IEEE standard normalized double-
precision floating point numbers. ncgen converts double declarations
to double declarations in the output C code and to DOUBLE PRECISION
declarations in output Fortran code.
The unsigned counterparts of the above integer types are mapped to the
corresponding unsigned C types. Their ranges are suitably modified to
start at zero.
The technical interpretation of the char type is that it is an unsigned
8-bit value. The encoding of the 256 possible values is unspecified by
default. A variable of char type may be marked with an "_Encoding"
attribute to indicate the character set to be used: US-ASCII,
ISO-8859-1, etc. Note that specifying the encoding of UTF-8 is
equivalent to specifying US-ASCII This is because multi-byte UTF-8
characters cannot be stored in an 8-bit character. The only legal
single byte UTF-8 values are by definition the 7-bit US-ASCII encoding
with the top bit set to zero.
Strings are assumed by default to be encoded using UTF-8. Note that
this means that multi-byte UTF-8 encodings may be present in the
string, so it is possible that the number of distinct UTF-8 characters
in a string is smaller than the number of 8-bit bytes used to store the
string.
CDL Constants
Constants assigned to attributes or variables may be of any of the
basic netCDF types. The syntax for constants is similar to C syntax,
except that type suffixes must be appended to shorts and floats to
distinguish them from longs and doubles.
A byte constant is represented by an integer constant with a `b' (or
`B') appended. In the old netCDF-2 API, byte constants could also be
represented using single characters or standard C character escape
sequences such as `a' or `0. This is still supported for backward
compatibility, but deprecated to make the distinction clear between the
numeric byte type and the textual char type. Example byte constants
include:
0b // a zero byte
-1b // -1 as an 8-bit byte
255b // also -1 as a signed 8-bit byte
short integer constants are intended for representing 16-bit signed
quantities. The form of a short constant is an integer constant with
an `s' or `S' appended. If a short constant begins with `0', it is
interpreted as octal, except that if it begins with `0x', it is
interpreted as a hexadecimal constant. For example:
-2s // a short -2
0123s // octal
0x7ffs //hexadecimal
int integer constants are intended for representing 32-bit signed
quantities. The form of an int constant is an ordinary integer
constant, although it is acceptable to optionally append a single `l'
or `L' (again, deprecated). Be careful, though, the L suffix is
interpreted as a 32 bit integer, and never as a 64 bit integer. This
can be confusing since the C long type can ambigously be either 32 bit
or 64 bit.
If an int constant begins with `0', it is interpreted as octal, except
that if it begins with `0x', it is interpreted as a hexadecimal
constant (but see opaque constants below). Examples of valid int
constants include:
-2
1234567890L
0123 // octal
0x7ff // hexadecimal
int64 integer constants are intended for representing 64-bit signed
quantities. The form of an int64 constant is an integer constant with
an `ll' or `LL' appended. If an int64 constant begins with `0', it is
interpreted as octal, except that if it begins with `0x', it is
interpreted as a hexadecimal constant. For example:
-2ll // an unsigned -2
0123LL // octal
0x7ffLL //hexadecimal
Floating point constants of type float are appropriate for representing
floating point data with about seven significant digits of precision.
The form of a float constant is the same as a C floating point constant
with an `f' or `F' appended. For example the following are all
acceptable float constants:
-2.0f
3.14159265358979f // will be truncated to less precision
1.f
Floating point constants of type double are appropriate for
representing floating point data with about sixteen significant digits
of precision. The form of a double constant is the same as a C
floating point constant. An optional `d' or `D' may be appended. For
example the following are all acceptable double constants:
-2.0
3.141592653589793
1.0e-20
1.d
Unsigned integer constants can be created by appending the character
'U' or 'u' between the constant and any trailing size specifier, or
immediately at the end of the size specifier. Thus one could say 10U,
100su, 100000ul, or 1000000llu, for example.
Single character constants may be enclosed in single quotes. If a
sequence of one or more characters is enclosed in double quotes, then
its interpretation must be inferred from the context. If the dataset is
created using the netCDF classic model, then all such constants are
interpreted as a character array, so each character in the constant is
interpreted as if it were a single character. If the dataset is netCDF
extended, then the constant may be interpreted as for the classic model
or as a true string (see below) depending on the type of the attribute
or variable into which the string is contained.
The interpretation of char constants is that those that are in the
printable ASCII range (' '..'~') are assumed to be encoded as the
1-byte subset ofUTF-8, which is equivalent to US-ASCII. In all cases,
the usual C string escape conventions are honored for values from 0
thru 127. Values greater than 127 are allowed, but their encoding is
undefined. For netCDF extended, the use of the char type is deprecated
in favor of the string type.
Some character constant examples are as follows.
'a' // ASCII `a'
"a" // equivalent to 'a'
"Two\nlines\n" // a 10-character string with two embedded newlines
"a bell:\007" // a string containing an ASCII bell
Note that the netCDF character array "a" would fit in a one-element
variable, since no terminating NULL character is assumed. However, a
zero byte in a character array is interpreted as the end of the
significant characters by the ncdump program, following the C
convention. Therefore, a NULL byte should not be embedded in a
character string unless at the end: use the byte data type instead for
byte arrays that contain the zero byte.
String constants are, like character constants, represented using
double quotes. This represents a potential ambiguity since a multi-
character string may also indicate a dimensioned character value.
Disambiguation usually occurs by context, but care should be taken to
specify thestring type to ensure the proper choice. String constants
are assumed to always be UTF-8 encoded. This specifically means that
the string constant may actually contain multi-byte UTF-8 characters.
The special constant `NIL` can be used to represent a nil string, which
is not the same as a zero length string.
Opaque constants are represented as sequences of hexadecimal digits
preceded by 0X or 0x: 0xaa34ffff, for example. These constants can
still be used as integer constants and will be either truncated or
extended as necessary.
Compound Constant Expressions
In order to assign values to variables (or attributes) whose type is
user-defined type, the constant notation has been extended to include
sequences of constants enclosed in curly brackets (e.g. "{"..."}").
Such a constant is called a compound constant, and compound constants
can be nested.
Given a type "T(*) vlen_t", where T is some other arbitrary base type,
constants for this should be specified as follows.
vlen_t var[2] = {t11,t12,...t1N}, {t21,t22,...t2m};
The values tij, are assumed to be constants of type T.
Given a type "compound cmpd_t {T1 f1; T2 f2...Tn fn}", where the Ti are
other arbitrary base types, constants for this should be specified as
follows.
cmpd_t var[2] = {t11,t12,...t1N}, {t21,t22,...t2n};
The values tij, are assumed to be constants of type Ti. If the fields
are missing, then they will be set using any specified or default fill
value for the field's base type.
The general set of rules for using braces are defined in the Specifying
Datalists section below.
Scoping Rules
With the addition of groups, the name space for defined objects is no
longer flat. References (names) of any type, dimension, or variable may
be prefixed with the absolute path specifying a specific declaration.
Thus one might say
variables:
/g1/g2/t1 v1;
The type being referenced (t1) is the one within group g2, which in
turn is nested in group g1. The similarity of this notation to Unix
file paths is deliberate, and one can consider groups as a form of
directory structure.
When name is not prefixed, then scope rules are applied to locate the
specified declaration. Currently, there are three rules: one for
dimensions, one for types and enumeration constants, and one for all
others.
When an unprefixed name of a dimension is used (as in a variable
declaration), ncgen first looks in the immediately enclosing
group for the dimension. If it is not found there, then it
looks in the group enclosing this group. This continues up the
group hierarchy until the dimension is found, or there are no
more groups to search.
2. When an unprefixed name of a type or an enumeration constant is
used, ncgen searches the group tree using a pre-order depth-
first search. This essentially means that it will find the
matching declaration that precedes the reference textually in
the cdl file and that is "highest" in the group hierarchy.
3. For all other names, only the immediately enclosing group is
searched.
One final note. Forward references are not allowed. This means that
specifying, for example, /g1/g2/t1 will fail if this reference occurs
before g1 and/or g2 are defined.
Specifying Enumeration Constants
References to Enumeration constants (in data lists) can be ambiguous
since the same enumeration constant name can be defined in more than
one enumeration. If a cdl file specified an ambiguous constant, then
ncgen will signal an error. Such constants can be disambiguated in two
ways.
1. Prefix the enumeration constant with the name of the enumeration
separated by a dot: enum.econst, for example.
2. If case one is not sufficient to disambiguate the enumeration
constant, then one must specify the precise enumeration type
using a group path: /g1/g2/enum.econst, for example.
Special Attributes
Special, virtual, attributes can be specified to provide performance-
related information about the file format and about variable
properties. The file must be a netCDF-4 file for these to take effect.
These special virtual attributes are not actually part of the file,
they are merely a convenient way to set miscellaneous properties of the
data in CDL
The special attributes currently supported are as follows: `_Format',
`_Fletcher32, `_ChunkSizes', `_Endianness', `_DeflateLevel',
`_Shuffle', and `_Storage'.
`_Format' is a global attribute specifying the netCDF format variant.
Its value must be a single string matching one of `classic', `64-bit
offset', `64-bit data', `netCDF-4', or `netCDF-4 classic model'.
The rest of the special attributes are all variable attributes.
Essentially all of then map to some corresponding `nc_def_var_XXX'
function as defined in the netCDF-4 API. For the attributes that are
essentially boolean (_Fletcher32, _Shuffle, and _NOFILL), the value
true can be specified by using the strings `true' or `1', or by using
the integer 1. The value false expects either `false', `0', or the
integer 0. The actions associated with these attributes are as
follows.
1. `_Fletcher32 sets the `fletcher32' property for a variable.
2. `_Endianness' is either `little' or `big', depending on how the
variable is stored when first written.
3. `_DeflateLevel' is an integer between 0 and 9 inclusive if
compression has been specified for the variable.
4. `_Shuffle' specifies if the the shuffle filter should be used.
5. `_Storage' is `contiguous' or `chunked'.
6. `_ChunkSizes' is a list of chunk sizes for each dimension of the
variable
Note that attributes such as "add_offset" or "scale_factor" have no
special meaning to ncgen. These attributes are currently conventions,
handled above the library layer by other utility packages, for example
NCO.
Specifying Datalists
Specifying datalists for variables in the `data:` section can be
somewhat complicated. There are some rules that must be followed to
ensure that datalists are parsed correctly by ncgen.
First, the top level is automatically assumed to be a list of items, so
it should not be inside {...}. That means that if the variable is a
scalar, there will be a single top-level element and if the variable is
an array, there will be N top-level elements. For each element of the
top level list, the following rules should be applied.
1. Instances of UNLIMITED dimensions (other than the first dimension)
must be surrounded by {...} in order to specify the size.
2. Compound instances must be embedded in {...}
3. Non-scalar fields of compound instances must be embedded in {...}.
4. Instances of vlens must be surrounded by {...} in order to specify
the size.
Datalists associated with attributes are implicitly a vector (i.e., a
list) of values of the type of the attribute and the above rules must
apply with that in mind.
7. No other use of braces is allowed.
Note that one consequence of these rules is that arrays of values
cannot have subarrays within braces. Consider, for example, int
var(d1)(d2)...(dn), where none of d2...dn are unlimited. A datalist
for this variable must be a single list of integers, where the number
of integers is no more than D=d1*d2*...dn values; note that the list
can be less than D, in which case fill values will be used to pad the
list.
Rule 6 about attribute datalist has the following consequence. If the
type of the attribute is a compound (or vlen) type, and if the number
of entries in the list is one, then the compound instances must be
enclosed in braces.
Specifying Character Datalists
Specifying datalists for variables of type char also has some
complications. consider, for example
dimensions: u=UNLIMITED; d1=1; d2=2; d3=3;
d4=4; d5=5; u2=UNLIMITED;
variables: char var(d4,d5);
datalist: var="1", "two", "three";
We have twenty elements of var to fill (d5 X d4) and we have three
strings of length 1, 3, 5. How do we assign the characters in the
strings to the twenty elements?
This is challenging because it is desirable to mimic the original ncgen
(ncgen3). The core algorithm is notionally as follows.
1. Assume we have a set of dimensions D1..Dn, where D1 may optionally
be an Unlimited dimension. It is assumed that the sizes of the Di
are all known (including unlimited dimensions).
2. Given a sequence of string or character constants C1..Cm, our goal
is to construct a single string whose length is the cross product of
D1 thru Dn. Note that for purposes of this algorithm, character
constants are treated as strings of size 1.
3. Construct Dx = cross product of D1 thru D(n-1).
4. For each constant Ci, add fill characters as needed so that its
length is a multiple of Dn.
5. Concatenate the modified C1..Cm to produce string S.
6. Add fill characters to S to make its length be a multiple of Dn.
8. If S is longer than the Dx * Dn, then truncate and generate a
warning.
There are three other cases of note.
1. If there is only a single, unlimited dimension, then all of the
constants are concatenated and fill characters are added to the end
of the resulting string to make its length be that of the unlimited
dimension. If the length is larger than the unlimited dimension,
then it is truncated with a warning.
2. For the case of character typed vlen, "char(*) vlen_t" for example.
we simply concatenate all the constants with no filling at all.
3. For the case of a character typed attribute, we simply concatenate
all the constants.
In netcdf-4, dimensions other than the first can be unlimited. Of
course by the rules above, the interior unlimited instances must be
delimited by {...}. For example.
variables: char var(u,u2);
datalist: var={"1", "two"}, {"three"};
In this case u will have the effective length of two. Within each
instance of u2, the rules above will apply, leading to this.
datalist: var={"1","t","w","o"}, {"t","h","r","e","e"};
The effective size of u2 will be the max of the two instance lengths
(five in this case) and the shorter will be padded to produce this.
datalist: var={"1","t","w","o","\0"}, {"t","h","r","e","e"};
Consider an even more complicated case.
variables: char var(u,u2,u3);
datalist: var={{"1", "two"}}, {{"three"},{"four","xy"}};
In this case u again will have the effective length of two. The u2
dimensions will have a size = max(1,2) = 2; Within each instance of u2,
the rules above will apply, leading to this.
datalist: var={{"1","t","w","o"}}, {{"t","h","r","e","e"},{"f","o","u","r","x","y"}};
The effective size of u3 will be the max of the two instance lengths
(six in this case) and the shorter ones will be padded to produce this.
datalist: var={{"1","t","w","o"," "," "}}, {{"t","h","r","e","e"," "},{"f","o","u","r","x","y"}};
Note however that the first instance of u2 is less than the max length
of u2, so we need to add a filler for another instance of u2, producing
this.
datalist: var={{"1","t","w","o"," "," "},{" "," "," "," "," "," "}}, {{"t","h","r","e","e"," "},{"f","o","u","r","x","y"}};
BUGS
The programs generated by ncgen when using the -c flag use initialization statements to store data in variables, and will fail to produce compilable programs if you try to use them for large datasets, since the resulting statements may exceed the line length or number of continuation statements permitted by the compiler. The CDL syntax makes it easy to assign what looks like an array of variable-length strings to a netCDF variable, but the strings may simply be concatenated into a single array of characters. Specific use of the string type specifier may solve the problem
CDL Grammar
The file ncgen.y is the definitive grammar for CDL, but a stripped down
version is included here for completeness.
ncdesc: NETCDF
datasetid
rootgroup
;
datasetid: DATASETID
rootgroup: '{'
groupbody
subgrouplist
'}';
groupbody:
attrdecllist
typesection
dimsection
vasection
datasection
;
subgrouplist:
/*empty*/
| subgrouplist namedgroup
;
namedgroup: GROUP ident '{'
groupbody
subgrouplist
'}'
attrdecllist
;
typesection: /* empty */
| TYPES
| TYPES typedecls
;
typedecls:
type_or_attr_decl
| typedecls type_or_attr_decl
;
typename: ident ;
type_or_attr_decl:
typedecl
| attrdecl ';'
;
typedecl:
enumdecl optsemicolon
| compounddecl optsemicolon
| vlendecl optsemicolon
| opaquedecl optsemicolon
;
optsemicolon:
/*empty*/
| ';'
;
enumdecl: primtype ENUM typename ;
enumidlist: enumid
| enumidlist ',' enumid
;
enumid: ident '=' constint ;
opaquedecl: OPAQUE '(' INT_CONST ')' typename ;
vlendecl: typeref '(' '*' ')' typename ;
compounddecl: COMPOUND typename '{' fields '}' ;
fields: field ';'
| fields field ';'
;
field: typeref fieldlist ;
primtype: CHAR_K
| BYTE_K
| SHORT_K
| INT_K
| FLOAT_K
| DOUBLE_K
| UBYTE_K
| USHORT_K
| UINT_K
| INT64_K
| UINT64_K
;
dimsection: /* empty */
| DIMENSIONS
| DIMENSIONS dimdecls
;
dimdecls: dim_or_attr_decl ';'
| dimdecls dim_or_attr_decl ';'
;
dim_or_attr_decl: dimdeclist | attrdecl ;
dimdeclist: dimdecl
| dimdeclist ',' dimdecl
;
dimdecl:
dimd '=' UINT_CONST
| dimd '=' INT_CONST
| dimd '=' DOUBLE_CONST
| dimd '=' NC_UNLIMITED_K
;
dimd: ident ;
vasection: /* empty */
| VARIABLES
| VARIABLES vadecls
;
vadecls: vadecl_or_attr ';'
| vadecls vadecl_or_attr ';'
;
vadecl_or_attr: vardecl | attrdecl ;
vardecl: typeref varlist ;
varlist: varspec
| varlist ',' varspec
;
varspec: ident dimspec ;
dimspec: /* empty */
| '(' dimlist ')'
;
dimlist: dimref
| dimlist ',' dimref
;
dimref: path ;
fieldlist:
fieldspec
| fieldlist ',' fieldspec
;
fieldspec: ident fielddimspec ;
fielddimspec: /* empty */
| '(' fielddimlist ')'
;
fielddimlist:
fielddim
| fielddimlist ',' fielddim
;
fielddim:
UINT_CONST
| INT_CONST
;
/* Use this when referencing defined objects */
varref: type_var_ref ;
typeref: type_var_ref ;
type_var_ref:
path
| primtype
;
/* Use this for all attribute decls */
/* Watch out; this is left recursive */
attrdecllist: /*empty*/ | attrdecl ';' attrdecllist ;
attrdecl:
':' ident '=' datalist
| typeref type_var_ref ':' ident '=' datalist
| type_var_ref ':' ident '=' datalist
| type_var_ref ':' _FILLVALUE '=' datalist
| typeref type_var_ref ':' _FILLVALUE '=' datalist
| type_var_ref ':' _STORAGE '=' conststring
| type_var_ref ':' _CHUNKSIZES '=' intlist
| type_var_ref ':' _FLETCHER32 '=' constbool
| type_var_ref ':' _DEFLATELEVEL '=' constint
| type_var_ref ':' _SHUFFLE '=' constbool
| type_var_ref ':' _ENDIANNESS '=' conststring
| type_var_ref ':' _NOFILL '=' constbool
| ':' _FORMAT '=' conststring
;
path:
ident
| PATH
;
datasection: /* empty */
| DATA
| DATA datadecls
;
datadecls:
datadecl ';'
| datadecls datadecl ';'
;
datadecl: varref '=' datalist ;
datalist:
datalist0
| datalist1
;
datalist0:
/*empty*/
;
/* Must have at least 1 element */
datalist1:
dataitem
| datalist ',' dataitem
;
dataitem:
constdata
| '{' datalist '}'
;
constdata:
simpleconstant
| OPAQUESTRING
| FILLMARKER
| NIL
| econstref
| function
;
econstref: path ;
function: ident '(' arglist ')' ;
arglist:
simpleconstant
| arglist ',' simpleconstant
;
simpleconstant:
CHAR_CONST /* never used apparently*/
| BYTE_CONST
| SHORT_CONST
| INT_CONST
| INT64_CONST
| UBYTE_CONST
| USHORT_CONST
| UINT_CONST
| UINT64_CONST
| FLOAT_CONST
| DOUBLE_CONST
| TERMSTRING
;
intlist:
constint
| intlist ',' constint
;
constint:
INT_CONST
| UINT_CONST
| INT64_CONST
| UINT64_CONST
;
conststring: TERMSTRING ;
constbool:
conststring
| constint
;
/* Push all idents thru here for tracking */
ident: IDENT ;
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