powf(3)
NAME
pow, powf, powl - power functions
SYNOPSIS
#include <math.h>
double pow(double x, double y);
float powf(float x, float y);
long double powl(long double x, long double y);
Link with -lm.
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
powf(), powl():
_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
|| /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
|| /* Glibc versions <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
These functions return the value of x raised to the power of y.
RETURN VALUE
On success, these functions return the value of x to the power of y. If x is a finite value less than 0, and y is a finite noninteger, a domain error occurs, and a NaN is returned. If the result overflows, a range error occurs, and the functions return HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, or HUGE_VALL, respectively, with the mathematically correct sign. If result underflows, and is not representable, a range error occurs, and 0.0 is returned. Except as specified below, if x or y is a NaN, the result is a NaN. If x is +1, the result is 1.0 (even if y is a NaN). If y is 0, the result is 1.0 (even if x is a NaN). If x is +0 (-0), and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result is +0 (-0). If x is 0, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is +0. If x is -1, and y is positive infinity or negative infinity, the result is 1.0. If the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is negative infinity, the result is positive infinity. If the absolute value of x is greater than 1, and y is negative infinity, the result is +0. If the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is positive infinity, the result is +0. If the absolute value of x is greater than 1, and y is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity. If x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer less than 0, the result is -0. If x is negative infinity, and y less than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is +0. If x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result is negative infinity. If x is negative infinity, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is positive infinity. If x is positive infinity, and y less than 0, the result is +0. If x is positive infinity, and y greater than 0, the result is positive infinity. If x is +0 or -0, and y is an odd integer less than 0, a pole error occurs and HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, or HUGE_VALL, is returned, with the same sign as x. If x is +0 or -0, and y is less than 0 and not an odd integer, a pole error occurs and +HUGE_VAL, +HUGE_VALF, or +HUGE_VALL, is returned.
ERRORS
See math_error(7) for information on how to determine whether an error
has occurred when calling these functions.
The following errors can occur:
Domain error: x is negative, and y is a finite noninteger
errno is set to EDOM. An invalid floating-point exception
(FE_INVALID) is raised.
Pole error: x is zero, and y is negative
errno is set to ERANGE (but see BUGS). A divide-by-zero
floating-point exception (FE_DIVBYZERO) is raised.
Range error: the result overflows
errno is set to ERANGE. An overflow floating-point exception
(FE_OVERFLOW) is raised.
Range error: the result underflows
errno is set to ERANGE. An underflow floating-point exception
(FE_UNDERFLOW) is raised.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7). ┌──────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐ │Interface │ Attribute │ Value │ ├──────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤ │pow(), powf(), powl() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │ └──────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘
CONFORMING TO
C99, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008. The variant returning double also conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89.
BUGS
On 64-bits, pow() may be more than 10,000 times slower for some (rare) inputs than for other nearby inputs. This affects only pow(), and not powf() nor powl(). In glibc 2.9 and earlier, when a pole error occurs, errno is set to EDOM instead of the POSIX-mandated ERANGE. Since version 2.10, glibc does the right thing. If x is negative, then large negative or positive y values yield a NaN as the function result, with errno set to EDOM, and an invalid (FE_INVALID) floating-point exception. For example, with pow(), one sees this behavior when the absolute value of y is greater than about 9.223373e18. In version 2.3.2 and earlier, when an overflow or underflow error occurs, glibc's pow() generates a bogus invalid floating-point exception (FE_INVALID) in addition to the overflow or underflow exception.
SEE ALSO
cbrt(3), cpow(3), sqrt(3)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.09 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
2016-03-15 POW(3)
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
