tail(1posix)
NAME
tail --- copy the last part of a file
SYNOPSIS
tail [f] [c number|n number] [file]
DESCRIPTION
The tail utility shall copy its input file to the standard output
beginning at a designated place.
Copying shall begin at the point in the file indicated by the c number
or n number options. The option-argument number shall be counted in
units of lines or bytes, according to the options n and c. Both line
and byte counts start from 1.
Tails relative to the end of the file may be saved in an internal
buffer, and thus may be limited in length. Such a buffer, if any, shall
be no smaller than {LINE_MAX}*10 bytes.
OPTIONS
The tail utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.12008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except that '+'
may be recognized as an option delimiter as well as ''.
The following options shall be supported:
c number The application shall ensure that the number option-argument
is a decimal integer, optionally including a sign. The sign
shall affect the location in the file, measured in bytes, to
begin the copying:
Sign Copying Starts
+ Relative to the beginning of the file.
Relative to the end of the file.
none Relative to the end of the file.
The application shall ensure that if the sign of the number
option-argument is '+', the number option-argument is a non-
zero decimal integer.
The origin for counting shall be 1; that is, c +1 represents
the first byte of the file, c 1 the last.
f If the input file is a regular file or if the file operand
specifies a FIFO, do not terminate after the last line of the
input file has been copied, but read and copy further bytes
from the input file when they become available. If no file
operand is specified and standard input is a pipe or FIFO,
the f option shall be ignored. If the input file is not a
FIFO, pipe, or regular file, it is unspecified whether or not
the f option shall be ignored.
n number This option shall be equivalent to c number, except the
starting location in the file shall be measured in lines
instead of bytes. The origin for counting shall be 1; that
is, n +1 represents the first line of the file, n 1 the
last.
If neither c nor n is specified, n 10 shall be assumed.
OPERANDS
The following operand shall be supported:
file A pathname of an input file. If no file operand is specified,
the standard input shall be used.
STDIN
The standard input shall be used if no file operand is specified, and shall be used if the file operand is '' and the implementation treats the '' as meaning standard input. Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used. See the INPUT FILES section.
INPUT FILES
If the c option is specified, the input file can contain arbitrary data; otherwise, the input file shall be a text file.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of tail:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions
volume of POSIX.12008, Section 8.2, Internationalization
Variables for the precedence of internationalization
variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of
all the other internationalization variables.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of
bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input
files).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format
and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard
error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing
of LC_MESSAGES.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
The designated portion of the input file shall be written to standard output.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default. The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The c option should be used with caution when the input is a text file containing multi-byte characters; it may produce output that does not start on a character boundary. Although the input file to tail can be any type, the results might not be what would be expected on some character special device files or on file types not described by the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.12008. Since this volume of POSIX.12008 does not specify the block size used when doing input, tail need not read all of the data from devices that only perform block transfers.
EXAMPLES
The f option can be used to monitor the growth of a file that is being
written by some other process. For example, the command:
tail f fred
prints the last ten lines of the file fred, followed by any lines that
are appended to fred between the time tail is initiated and killed. As
another example, the command:
tail f c 15 fred
prints the last 15 bytes of the file fred, followed by any bytes that
are appended to fred between the time tail is initiated and killed.
RATIONALE
This version of tail was created to allow conformance to the Utility
Syntax Guidelines. The historical b option was omitted because of the
general non-portability of block-sized units of text. The c option
historically meant ``characters'', but this volume of POSIX.12008
indicates that it means ``bytes''. This was selected to allow
reasonable implementations when multi-byte characters are possible; it
was not named b to avoid confusion with the historical b.
The origin of counting both lines and bytes is 1, matching all
widespread historical implementations. Hence tail n +0 is not
conforming usage because it attempts to output line zero; but note that
tail n 0 does conform, and outputs nothing.
Earlier versions of this standard allowed the following forms in the
SYNOPSIS:
tail [number][b|c|l][f] [file]
tail +[number][b|c|l][f] [file]
These forms are no longer specified by POSIX.12008, but may be present
in some implementations.
The restriction on the internal buffer is a compromise between the
historical System V implementation of 4096 bytes and the BSD 32768
bytes.
The f option has been implemented as a loop that sleeps for 1 second
and copies any bytes that are available. This is sufficient, but if
more efficient methods of determining when new data are available are
developed, implementations are encouraged to use them.
Historical documentation indicates that tail ignores the f option if
the input file is a pipe (pipe and FIFO on systems that support FIFOs).
On BSD-based systems, this has been true; on System V-based systems,
this was true when input was taken from standard input, but it did not
ignore the f flag if a FIFO was named as the file operand. Since the
f option is not useful on pipes and all historical implementations
ignore f if no file operand is specified and standard input is a pipe,
this volume of POSIX.12008 requires this behavior. However, since the
f option is useful on a FIFO, this volume of POSIX.12008 also
requires that if a FIFO is named, the f option shall not be ignored.
Earlier versions of this standard did not state any requirement for the
case where no file operand is specified and standard input is a FIFO.
The standard has been updated to reflect current practice which is to
treat this case the same as a pipe on standard input. Although
historical behavior does not ignore the f option for other file types,
this is unspecified so that implementations are allowed to ignore the
f option if it is known that the file cannot be extended.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
head The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.12008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html . Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
Opportunity
Personal Opportunity - Free software gives you access to billions of dollars of software at no cost. Use this software for your business, personal use or to develop a profitable skill. Access to source code provides access to a level of capabilities/information that companies protect though copyrights. Open source is a core component of the Internet and it is available to you. Leverage the billions of dollars in resources and capabilities to build a career, establish a business or change the world. The potential is endless for those who understand the opportunity.
Business Opportunity - Goldman Sachs, IBM and countless large corporations are leveraging open source to reduce costs, develop products and increase their bottom lines. Learn what these companies know about open source and how open source can give you the advantage.
Free Software
Free Software provides computer programs and capabilities at no cost but more importantly, it provides the freedom to run, edit, contribute to, and share the software. The importance of free software is a matter of access, not price. Software at no cost is a benefit but ownership rights to the software and source code is far more significant.
Free Office Software - The Libre Office suite provides top desktop productivity tools for free. This includes, a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation engine, drawing and flowcharting, database and math applications. Libre Office is available for Linux or Windows.
Free Books
The Free Books Library is a collection of thousands of the most popular public domain books in an online readable format. The collection includes great classical literature and more recent works where the U.S. copyright has expired. These books are yours to read and use without restrictions.
Source Code - Want to change a program or know how it works? Open Source provides the source code for its programs so that anyone can use, modify or learn how to write those programs themselves. Visit the GNU source code repositories to download the source.
Education
Study at Harvard, Stanford or MIT - Open edX provides free online courses from Harvard, MIT, Columbia, UC Berkeley and other top Universities. Hundreds of courses for almost all major subjects and course levels. Open edx also offers some paid courses and selected certifications.
Linux Manual Pages - A man or manual page is a form of software documentation found on Linux/Unix operating systems. Topics covered include computer programs (including library and system calls), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts.
