THE FRAGMENTS OF Diodorus Siculus. OUT OF Some of his BOOKS that are Lost.
THE last Twenty Books of Diodorus Siculus are entirely lost, (except some Ecclogues or Fragments in Photius his Bibliotheca and others, recover'd by Hoes Chelius, and published by Laurentius Rhodomannus,) which contain'd an Account of Affairs for the space of 244 Years, or there abouts; i. e. from the End of the 119th Olympiad, (when Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes were routed by Ptolemeus Lagus and the other Confederates, An. M. 3650.) to the End of the 180th Olympiad, at which time Julius Caesar made his first Expedition into Britain, which was in the 693d Year of the City, as Eutropius accounts, Lib. 6.
The Reader is desired to observe, That these being but Fragments, or Pieces of Diodorus, recover'd out of the Rubbish (as it were) of Antiquity, the Relations are often broken, and new Matter sometimes begun that has no Coherence with what went before. Where they are broken, they are Noted generally thus,—The new Matter is easily discern'd by Observation.
THese therefore are the most remarkable Things that are recorded among the Atlantides concerning the Gods; and they say, the Grecians use the same Rites and Ceremonies. The same things Diodorus says in the 3d Book of his History: And the same Diodorus confirms the same Theology in his 6th Book, from the History of Euemerus the Messenian, where these are his words—The Ancients therefore held two Opinions (which are brought down to Posterity) concerning the Gods: Some they say are Immortal and Incorruptible, as the Sun, Moon, and rest of the Stars; and likewise the Winds, and other Things of the like Nature, for none of these have either Beginning, or End. But there are others, they say, that are Earthly Gods, but for their good Deeds to the benefit of Mankind, have attain'd to the highest pitch of Honour and Glory; and such were Hercules, Dionysius or Bacchus Aristaeus, and such like. Of these Terrestrial Gods, many and various Stories are related by Historians, and Mythologists. Among the Historians, Euemerus has compos'd a Sacred History, and written peculiarly of these Deities. Among the Mythologists or Poets, Homer, Hesiod, Orpheus, and others of that kind, have seign'd most prodigious Stories of the Gods. We shall endeavour in short to run over what has been writ by both, observing a Mean. Euemerus, a special Friend of King Cassander, being forc'd to undertake some great and weighty Affairs, and long and tedious Voyages for the King, they say, was driven far away through the Ocean, Southward; and loosing from Arabia Faelix, after many days sail, arriv'd at certain Islands situated in the midst of the Ocean; the greatest of which was one call'd Panchaia, in which he saw the Panchaians very zealous and eminent for Religion, who ador'd the Gods with magnificent and pompous Sacrifices, and rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver. They say moreover, that the Island is consecrated to the Gods, and that there were many other Things in it that were admirable, both for their Antiquity and Excellency of Workmanship; of which, we have given a particular Account in the precedent Books. That there is likewise in it, upon the top of an high Mountain, a Temple dedicated to Jupiter Tryphylius, built by him when he convers'd here with Men, and govern'd the whole World; in which Temple there is a Golden Pillar, whereon are distinctly describ'd in Panchaian Letters, the Acts of Ʋranus, Saturn, and Jupiter. Afterwards he says, That the first King was Ʋranus, a just and good Man, and very skilful in Astrology: And that he was the first that ador'd the Heavenly Gods, and therefore was call'd Ʋranus: And that he begat on his Wife Vesta two Sons, Pan and Saturn, and two Daughters, Rhea and Ceres. He says moreover, that Saturn reign'd after Ʋranus, and marry'd Rhea, and begat Jupiter, Juno, and Neptune; and that Jupiter succeeding Saturn, marry'd Juno, Ceres, and Themis: Of the first of which he begat the Curetes, Proserpina of the second, and MinervaPage 708 of the third; and that afterwards coming to Babylon, he was Belus his Guest. And that from thence arriving at the Island Panchaia, he erected an Altar to Ʋranus his Grandfather; and then passing through Syria, he came to Prince Cassius, from whom the Mountain was call'd Mount Cassius. Then travelling into Cilicia, he overcame Cilix, the Lord of the Country; and having at last pass'd through several other Nations, was highly honour'd by all, and stil'd a God. When he had deliver'd these and such-like Things concerning the Gods, as of mortal Men, he subjoins this;
And as to what the Greeks sabulously report concerning the Gods, we shall endeavour to give as succinct an Account as we can, tracing the Steps of Homer, Hesiod, and Orpheus.
HAving given an Account of these Things, it remains we should now speak of Corinth and Sicyon, how they were planted and inhabited by the Doreans; for almost all the Nations in Peloponnesus, except the Arcadians, were removed from their ancient Seats at the time of the return of the Heraclidae; who leaving out Corinth in the Division, sent Messengers to Aletes, and gave him the said Province, together with the neighbouring Territory. This Man became very famous, and enlarg'd Corinth, where he reign'd 38 years. After his Death, the eldest and next of Kin ever succeeded in the Kingdom, down to the Reign of Cypsellus, 427 years after the return of the Heraclidae. The first that reign'd at Corinth after Aletes was Ixion, who held the Kingdom 38 years. After whom, Agesilaus reign'd 37 years; and after them, Prumnes 35 years, and his Son Bacches as long, who was the most famous and renown'd of any of his Ancestors, so that those that reign'd after him were not call'd Heraclidae, but Bacchidae. After Bacches, Agelas enjoy'd the Throne 30 years; Eudamus 25; Aristomedes 35, who after his Death left behind him a Son call'd Telestes, a little Child, who was depriv'd of his Father's Kingdom by Agemon, his Uncle and Guardian, who reign'd 16 years: After him, Alexander came to the Crown, and enjoy'd it 25 years, and was then kill'd by Telestes, who had been before depriv'd of the Kingdom of his Ancestors, which he now regain'd, and possess'd it 12 years, and then was murder'd by some of his own Kindred, and Automenes reign'd in his stead One year; after which, the Bacchidae, the Posterity of Hercules, enjoy'd the Kingdom for above 200 years, and all govern'd together with equal Authority; but every year they created one among themselves Prytanis, who had the Power of a Monarch for 90 years, till the time of the Reign of Cypsellus, who put an end to that sort of Government. These therefore are the Kings of Corinth. Bacches reign'd 35 years.
SOme Writers have erroniously held, that Romulus, who built Rome, was the Son of Aeneas: But this cannot possibly be true, since there were many Kings that reign'd in course between Aeneas and Romulus; the City being built the 2d Year of the 7th Olympiad, which was above 430 years after the Trojan War. For Aeneas gain'd the Kingdom of the Latines 3 years after the Destruction of Troy, and reign'd only 3 years, and after his Death was ador'd as a God. Ascanius, his Son, succeeded him, and built Alba, call'd at this day Longa. He gave the City this Name from the River which was then call'd Alba, and now Tiber: But Fabius, who writ an History of the Roman Affairs, speaks otherwise of the naming of this City. For he tells a Story, how Aeneas was foretold by the Oracle, that a Four-footed Beast should shew him the way to the Place where a new City should be built; which came thus to pass: Being about to sacrifice a White Sow then big with Young, made her escape, and ran away to a Hill, whither she was pursu'd, and there she brought forth 30 Pigs. Aeneas wondring at the Accident, and calling to mind the Answer of the Oracle, forthwith went about to settle Inhabitants in the Place; but being warn'd by a Vision in the Night to desist, and not to build till after 30 years then next ensuing, he left off his Design till the number of Years was compleated.
1. ALL Vice is to be avoided by every Wise Man, but especially Covetousness. For this (through hopes and desire of Gain) prompts many to acts of Injustice, and so becomes the occasion of the greatest Mischiefs to Mankind. For being in the very highest Sphere of Wickedness, it involves not only mean Men, but even Kings themselves in extream Calamities, For Antigonus King of Asia, as an Example of this Truth, out of his insatiable desire, beginning a War against Four other Kings (who join'd against him) viz. Ptolemy Lagus King of Aegypt, Seleucus King of Babylon, Lysimachus of Thrace, and Cassander the Son of Antipater King of Macedonia, perish'd in Battle being shot through the Body with Multitudes of Darts and Arrows, (tho' afterwards Bury'd in a Royal manner) and his Son Demetrius, with his Mother Stratonice (who were then in Cilicia) were forc'd to sail away with all the Wealth they had to Salamis in Cyprus, that remaining still in the hands of Demetrius.
2. Agathocles King of Sicily, burnt all the Macedonian Fleet, and so freed Corcyra when it was Besieg'd by Cassander, both by Sea and Land, and very near and likely to be taken. Oh the many uncertainties of War! For Folly and Fraud many times effect as great things as true Valour and Courage.
3. Agathocles being return'd to the rest of his Army from Corcyra, when he heard that the Ligurians and Tyrrhenians (who were his Mercenary Soldiers) had assisted those who kill'd his Son Archagathus in his absence, put them all to the Sword, to the number of Two thousand: Upon which Account the Brutii deserting him, he resolv'd to Besiege their City call'd Aethas. But the Barbarians in great numbers falling upon him suddainly in the Night, cut off Four thousand of his Men, and so he return'd to Syracuse.
4. Agathocles rigg'd out a great Fleet, and sail'd into Italy; and having a design to march his Army to Crotona, he sent a Messenger before to Menedemus, King of Crotona (who was his particular Friend) not to be afraid of his Motion; which was meerly to deceive him; and purposing to Besiege the Place, he gave out that he was sending away his Daughter Lanassa with a Royal Fleet to Epirus to Marry her: And by this Fraud he came upon them when they were unprovided, and never suspected him. Thereupon, applying himself with all earnestness to the Siege, he block'd up the Place by a Wall drawn from Sea to Sea. And having by his Mines and Batteries ruin'd the greatest House of the Town, the Crotoneans out of fear open'd their Gates and receiv'd his Army into the City, who breaking in like a Flood, first rifl'd all the Houses, and then put all the Men to the Sword. He likewise made a League with the neighbouring Barbarians, the Japygians, and Peucetians, furnishing them with Ships for Piracy, and shar'd with them in the Robbery. At length having p•t a Garison into Crotona, he sail'd back to Syracuse.
5. Diallus the Athenian Writer compos'd a General History in Twenty six Books. And Psaon of Platea anoth•r in Thirty Books.
6. In the War against the Hetruscians, Gauls and Samnites, and their Confederates, the Romans destroy'd (w•en Fabius was Consul) an Hundred thousand Men, as Daris relates.
7. Antipater out of Envy, kill'd his own Mother. Alexander his Brother was likewise kill'd by Demetrius, whom Alexander had sent for to his assistance. Antipater the Murtherer of his Mother was a•so serv'd the same Sauce by Demetrius, unwilling to have a partner in the Kingdom.
8. Agathocles rais'd an Army and sail'd over into Italy with 30000 Foot and 2000 Horse. And •ving the Command of the Fleet to Stilpo, he order'd him to wast and spoil the C•untry of the Brutii: While he was harassing the Sea-coasts, he lost many of his Ships in a Storm. But Agathocles, by the help of his battering Engines took the City Hipponium: which so terrify'd the Brutii, that they sent Ambassadors to treat with him upon ter•• of Peace: Upon which he put in a Garrison and carry'd away with •im Six hundred •ostages, and return'd to Syracuse. But the Brutii made slight of their Page 710 Oath, and with the whole power of the City, fell upon the Garison and flew every Man, and afterwards recover'd their Hostages, and freed themselves from the Yoke of Agathocles. Lenity is to be prefer'd before Revenge.
9. Most Generals of Armies when they are brought into Straits and Difficulties, (out of Fear) do generally humour the Multitude.
10. When the Thebans made a Second defection, Demetrius batter'd down their Walls, and took the City by Storm, and put only Ten Men to Death, who were the Ring-leaders of the Rebellion.
11. Agathocles sent his Son Agathocles to Demetrius to enter into a League with him, Offensive and Defensive. The King kindly receiv'd the young Man, and bestow'd on him a Royal Robe, and many other Rich and Princely gifts: And sent along with him Oxythemes his special Friend, under colour to confirm the League, but in truth to be a Spy in Sicily.
12. King Agathocles after a long Peace between him and the Carthaginians, at length Rigg'd out a great Fleet. For he design'd to transport an Army into Lybia, and with his Navy to hinder the Exportation of all Corn and Provision, from Sardinia, and Sicily to the Carthaginians, who by the last War had gain'd the Dominion of the Sea, and thereby had secur'd their Countrey from Invasions. And tho' Agathocles had a well furnish'd Fleet, to the number of Two hundred Gallies of four and six Tire of Oars, yet he fail'd in his design, by reason of what shortly happen'd. For there was one Menon an Agestone, a beautiful Captive then Servant to the King, who for some time conform'd himself to a strict compliance to the Kings humour, so that he was taken into the number of his beloved and intimate Friends. But because of the ruin of his Country and the dishonourable abuse of his own Person, he bore a secret hatred to the King, and watch'd an opportunity to be reveng'd. The King because he was old, intrusted Archagathus with the Command of the Army: he was the Son of Archagathus who was kill'd in Lybia, and so was King Agathocles's Granchild, he was a Man of a strong Body, and of a brave and generous Spirit, far above all the rest of his Family. When he was Encamp'd with the Army near Aetna, the King had a desire to promote his Son Agathocles to be his Successor in the Kingdom, and to that end recommended the young Man to the Syracusians, and declar'd his purpose and design to have him Succeed. Afterwards he sent him to the Camp, with Letters to Archagathus, which order'd him to deliver up the Command of all the Forces both by Sea and Land to his Son; Upon which Archagathus perceiving that the Kingdom was design'd for another, contriv'd the destruction of them both: And to that end sent a Messenger to Menon of Aegista, who perswaded him to poyson the King: He himself celebrating a Sacrifice in a certain Island, where Agathocles then lay with the Fleet, Invited him to the Festival; and in the Night (when he was dead drunk) cut his throat, and threw his Body into the Sea, which being afterward cast up by the Violence of the Waves, was known by the Inhabitants, and carry'd to Syracuse. And whereas it was the King's Custom always after Supper to pick his Teeth with a Quill, now rising from the Table, he call'd to Menon for his Toothpicker: Who having dipt the end of it in Poyson, deliver'd it to the King; who never suspecting any thing, ply'd all his Teeth with that care and earnestness, that none of his Guns scap'd the touch of the Poyson. Upon ths the Kingbegan by little and little to be very ill, which was succeeded by violent Torments in his Body every Day. Then an incurable putrefaction and rottenness cover'd hs Gums and Teeth, and now drawing near to his end, he call'd a Senate, where he complain'd of the wickedness of Archagathus, and incited the People to take revenge of him for his Villanies, declaring that he would forthwith restore them to their Democracy. Afterwards when he was in the very height of his Extremity, Oxythemes (that had been there a little before, sent by King Demetrius) hurri'd him to the Funeral Pile, and •urnt him while he was yet alive, and not able to speak by reason of the foulness and filthness of his Mouth through the Poyson. And thus Agathocles for the many Slaughters and Murders of his Reign, and Cruelties towards his own Subjects, and Impieties against the •ods came to an end, such as he justly deserv'd for his former wickednesses, after he hd Reign'd Twenty eight Years, and liv'd Seventy two, as Timeus the Syracusian relates, and Callias another Syracusian (who writ Two and twenty Books) and Antander likewise the Brother of Agathocles an Historian. The Syracusians having now Regain'd ther Democratical Government Consiscated all the Goods and Estate of Agathocles, and boke down all his Statues. Menon in the mean time (who had Plotted and Executed the T•ason) was at the Camp with Archagathus, having fled thither from Syracuse: And now beginning to look very big upon it (as being the Man that had ruin'd the Monarchy) •e secretly Murthers Archagathus,Page 711 and with fair Words, and winning Carriage brought over the Army to his Interest, and determined to force Syracuse to Obedience, and gain the Principality. Hereupon the Syracusians created Hicetas General against Menon, he continu'd the War for some time: Menon all along seeking to avoid Fighting, and could by no means be brought to ingage. But when the Carthaginians join'd with Menon (by which he became far stronger than the Syracusians) they were forc'd to agree with the Carthaginians, and deliver Four hundred Hostages for further Security of the Peace, and to restore all the Exiles. However, when the Mercenary Soldiers were deny'd their right to give their Votes for the choosing of the Magistrates, the City was presently in an uproar: And both Syracusians and Mercenaries ran to their Arms: But some of the better sort interpos'd, and by much Intercession prevail'd with both parties to agree upon this Condition, That the Soldiers should depart out of Sicily by such a time, and take all their Goods along with them: Hereupon the Foreign Soldiers March'd away from Syracuse, and came to Messina, where they were receiv'd into the City as Friends and Confederates, and being kindly entertain'd in their Houses, in the Night they Massacred all their Hosts, and Marrying their Wives, Seiz'd upon the City, which they call'd Mamertina from Mars, which in their own Country Language they call Mamers.
13. For they that are not Members of the Democratical Government, are not admitted by the Tribune of the People to give their Suffrage amongst them that are.
14. It's a commendable thing to be ever Terrible to an Enemy, and always kind and courteous to a Friend.
15. Since that at that time, when you knew not what was best or fittest to be done, you were catcht with fair and enticeing Words: And now when you see Calamity upon the Country indeed, you are taught another Lesson. For to be Ignorant sometimes of things that may fall out in this Life, is natural to Mankind: But to be deceiv'd twice in the same thing, argues a Man to be a Fool. And the oftner we are so deceiv'd, the greater punishment we deserve. Some of the Citizens are grown to that height of Covetousness that they would fain raise up the glory of their Families by the ruin of their Country. For they that have so wickedly acted in assisting others, pray! how have they been us'd by them.
16. Offences are to be forgiven, and Peace to be kept for the time to come.
17. Not they that offend; but they that repent not of their offences, ought to be severely punish'd.
18. Mercy and Kindness amongst Men, is more Ancient than Wrath and Revenge.
19. It's a commendable and desireable thing to lay aside all Animosities. and instead thereof to return to Friendship and Amity. For when a Man is reduc'd to Poverty and Straits, he presently (at the first Nod as it were) runs to his Friends.
20. Covetousness being naturally Ingrafted into Men, no Man can be wholly free from this Vice. Pride, and a Tyrant's Robes ought to be left at home. For he that enters into a free City, ought to conform himself to the Laws of the Place. He that is of a Princely Family, and comes to a Kingdom by Hereditary descent, is desirous likewise to succeed in the Glory and Reputation of his Ancestors. For it's a Base and Dishonourable thing to carry the Name of Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles, and yet in Actions to imitate Thersites. For the more honour and reputation any Person has gain'd, so much the more the regard and respect will he have for them who were the Instruments of his Advancement and happy Successes. Therefore what may be honourably and deservedly obtain'd, should not be us'd unjustly and disgracefully, when it is enjoy'd. It is therefore (Gentlemen) a commendable thing, by the example of other Mens Harms and Mistakes, Wisely to provide for our own Security.
21. It does not become any Man to have more regard to Strangers, than his own kindred, and to be more fearful to exasperate an Enemy, than careful to preserve the good Will and Opinion of his Allies.
1. IT'S the natural Property of the Epirots not only to fight for their Country, but to run all hazards likewise for the Defence of their Friends and Allies.
2. Decius the Roman Tribune Governor of Rhegium, to revenge his Country of King Pyrrhus, kill'd all the Inhabitants save the Women, whom he sold for Slaves, and seized upon all the Goods and Estates of them that were slain. These were Campanians,Page 712 who acted the same Cruelty here as the Mamertines did when they Massacred all the Messinians. Afterwards, because he made not an equal distribution of the Prey, and Plunder taken from those miserable People, he was Banish'd Rhegium by his own Country men the Campanians. The Mamertines themselves assisted in this Butchery: And with the Money that was left hir'd him to be their Captain, and Chief Commander. Afterwards a distemper falling into his Eyes, he advis'd with a skilful Physitian, who to revenge the Injuries and Cruelties done to his Country, prescrib'd an application of Cantharides which wholly depriv'd him of his sight: And the Physitian himself took Care to withdraw from Messina. In Sicily, in the mean time there were these Princes, Hicetas at Syracuse, Phintias at Agrigentam, Tyndarus at Tauromenium, and some others in the lesser Cities. Phintias and Hicetas were at War one with another, and sought a Battle at Hibleum in which Hicetas was Conqueror. Afterwards making several Incursions one upon another, and Robbing and Spoiling every where, the Country by this means lay untill'd. Hicetas puff'd up with his Victory, ingag'd with the Carthaginians at the River Teria, where he was beaten with the loss of a great number of his Men. At that time Phintias built Phintia, and planted there the Geleons who were driven out of their Country. It is Scituated at the Sea-side: For both the Houses and Walls of Gela being utterly demolish'd; after he had wall'd Phintia and made a stately Market place, and built Temples for the Service of the Gods, he Transplanted the People of Gela thither. When he had committed the Murther, he was hated by all the Cities under his Government, who drave out all the Garisons, among whom the first were the Agyrineans.
3. King Ptolemy was Kill'd by the Gaus, and the whole Macedonian Army utterly destroy'd and cut off.
4. A Cadmean Victory is a Proverb, meant when the Conquerors have lost abundance of Men, and the Conquer'd are little the worse, because of the largeness of their Empire.
5. Phintias the Builder of Phintia, and Tyrant of Agrigentum, in a Dream had a representation pointing out to him his own Death. He thought he saw, as he was Hunting the Bore, that a Sow fiercely made up upon him, and struck him on the side with her Teeth, which so pierc'd him that he Dy'd.
6. Hicetas after he had Reign'd nine Years at Syracuse, was depriv'd of his Kingdom by Thynion the Son of Mameus.
7. Thynion and Softratus the Successors of Hicetas, sent again for King Pyrrus into Sicily.
8. The Mamertines who treacherously Murder'd the Messinians, having entred into a League with the Carthaginians, in a Senate decreed to hinder Pyrrhus from Landing in Sicily. But Tyndarion, Tyrant of Tauromenia sided with him, and was ready to receive into the City those Forces that joyn'd with him.
9. The Carthaginians entred into a League with the Romans, and took a-board 500 Men into their own Ships, and Sail'd over to Rhegium, and began to assault the Place, but at length rais'd their Siege, and having set on fire all the Timber and other Materials, there prepar'd for Shipping, they made to Sea, and there lay to observe the motion of Pyrrhus.
When Thynio had the Command of the * Island, and Sostratus lorded it over the Syracusians, having each an Army of 10000 Men, they broke out into War one against another, but being tyr'd out, they both sent Ambassadors to Pyrrhus.
11. Pyrrhus Warr'd in Italy 2 Years and 4 Months, and whilst he was preparing for his departure, the Carthaginians closely besieg'd the Syracusians both by Sea and Land. They had a Fleet of 100 Sail that lay in the great Haven; and a Land Army of 50000 Men that Encamp'd near the Walls, and with these they penn'd up the Syracusians, within the City, and Wasting and Harrassing the Country round about, they even turn'd it into a desolate Wilderness. The Syracusians therefore wearied out with the War, depended only upon Pyrrhus, in regard he had Marry'd Lanassa the Daughter of Agathocles, of whom he had begotten Alexander: Upon which account they sent every Day one Messenger after another to him; whereupon Shipping his Men, Elephants and other Provisions, he loos'd from Tarentum, and arriv'd the 10th Day at Locris: Thence he Sail'd after his Landing in S••lly, to Tauromenium; and there being joyn'd with Tyndario Prince of that City, and Inforc'd by him with more Soldiers, he made from thence and came to Catana, where being Magnificently receiv'd by the Inhabitants, and loaden with golden Crowns, he landed his Men, with which he March'd straight towards Syracuse: His Fleet ready prepar'd for an Engagement, Sailing with him all along upon the Coast. When he came near to Syracuse the Carthaginians (because they had sent away 30 of their Vessels for necessary Provisions) durst not venture a Battle with those that remain'd, so that Pyrrhus came to Syracuse without any opposition: The Island being kept by Thynio and the rest of the City by the Syracusians and Sosistrates. For he had under his Page 713 Command Agrigentum, and many other Cities, and above 10000 Soldiers. And having then reconcil'd Thynio and Sosistratas, and the Syracusians, and brought them all to a right understanding among themselves, he was thereupon highly Esteem'd and Applauded. The King receiv'd Weapons, Engines, and other Furniture and Provisions which was in the City, and 120 Deck'd Ships, and 20 open Vessels * But the Palace belonged to Enneres. The whole Navy therefore (with those he brought along with him) consisted of 200 Sail. Whilst he was thus imploy'd, Ambassadors came from the Leontines (sent to him from Heraclidas the Governor) with promise to deliver up the City into his hands, with the Garisons and 4000 Foot, and 500 Horse. There were then many others at Syracuse, who promis'd to deliver up their Cities to Pyrrhus, and to join with him in the War: He receiv'd them all Graciously, and sent them back to their several Countries, hoping now shortly to be Lord of Lybia.
12 The Port of Corinth is call'd Lechoeum.
13. Brennus King of the Gauls made an inroad into Macedonia with an Hundred and forty thousand Targateers, and Ten thousand Horse, and with a great multitude of other foreign Rabble, and many Merchants, together with Two thousand Carts and Carriages. He made great havock and slaughter with a design to ruine them utterly; at last he broke into Greece, and fully propos'd to rifle the Temple at Delphos. By frequent Engagements he lost Myriads of his Men, and he himself receiv'd Three desperate wounds. Being near his end, he call'd his Army together, and made a Speech to the Gauls, and advis'd them to kill both him and all the rest of the wounded Men, and to burn all their Carriages, and return home with all speed, and make Cichorius their King. Brennus at length after he had swill'd down abundance of Wine, ran himself through the Body. Cichorius (as soon as he had buried Brennus) knock'd all the wounded Men on the Head, that were like to be starv'd with Hunger, and perish by the Cold, to the number of Twenty thousand, and return'd with the rest the same way they came: But the Grecians that lay in ambush in the strait and narrow passages, cut off all their Rear, and took all their Bag and Baggage; marching forward to Thermopilae, they left there behind them Twenty thousand more for want of Food: at length as they were passing through the Country of the Dardanians, they all perish'd, and not one Man return'd to his own Country.
14. But Pyrrhus when he had settled all things in Syracuse and Leontinum, march'd with his Army towards Agrigentum, and while he was in his March, he was told by some that came off Shipboard, that they had driven out the Carthaginian Garison, that Phintias might not Govern them, and promis'd they would deliver the City into his hands, and join with him as Confederates in the War. Having therefore receiv'd the Forces, he marcht straight to Agrigentum, and receiv'd the City and Soldiers from Sosistratus, to the number of 8000 Foot and 800 Horse, nothing inferior to the Epirots. And now he took into his protection 30 Cities which were under the Command of Sosistratus. Afterwards he sent to Syracuse for the Engines of Battery, and all the Arms and Darts, and when they were brought to him, he marched into the Territories of the Carthaginians, having an Army with him of 30000 Foot and 1500 Horse, and some Elephants. And First he took in Heraclea a Carthaginian Garison: Then Azones, after they of Selinunte came in to the King, with the Halicyens Aegestines, and many other Cities. Aeryx at that time had in it a very strong Carthaginian Garison, and was beside naturally fortify'd and difficult to approach. Pyrrhus was resolv'd to storm this place, and to that end brought his battering Rams to the Walls: After a strong defence made for a long time, the King desirous to make his Name Famous (in imitation of Hercules) was the first that entred within the Walls, and fought with that Courage and Resolution, that he dispatcht all those Carthaginians that came within his reach; at length Succours coming in to him, he took the Town by Storm; then leaving there a strong Carrison he march'd to Eginera, a very strong place, and pleasantly situated near Panormus. They of Eginera surrendred the City; and thence he forthwith made for Panormus, which had the best Harbor of any City in Sicily, from whence this City was so call'd; He took it likewise by Storm. Then taking in the Fort at Ercte, he gain'd all that belong'd to the Carthaginians, except Lilibeum. This City was built by the Carthaginians after Dionysius the Tyrant had ruin'd Motya. For those that were left alive after that slaughter, the Carthaginians setled in Lilibeum. Just as Pyrrhus was ready to besiege this place, a great Army landed there out of Africa, having the advantage of being Masters at Sea, and brought with them abundance of Corn, and an innumerable number of Engines and Weapons of War. And because the greatest part of the City lay near to the Sea, they were most careful to guard that part towards the main Land, and to that end rais'd many Bulwarks and high Towers, and drew a large Trench to prevent an approach on that side. Then they sent Ambassadors Page 714 to the King to treat upon terms of Peace, and to offer him a great sum of Money; But the King refusing the Money, they desir'd that he would permit the Carthaginians to keep only Lilybeum. But the Confederates that were then assembled in Senate, and the Representatives of the several Cities, sent to him, and earnestly intreated him, he would not upon any terms whatsoever permit the Barbarians to have any footing in Sicily, but drive the Carthaginians wholly out of the Island; and limit their Power at Sea. Upon this the King encampt near the Walls; and at first made several Assaults one upon the neck of another; But the Carthaginians being well furnish'd both with Men and other necessaries, beat him off. For they had so vast a number of Engines that cast Darts and Stones, that the Wall could scarcely contain them: which being all ply'd against the Assailants, they were so gall'd and cut off, that Pyrrhus was forc'd to draw off his Men. Then he began to contrive other Engines (besides those he had from Syracuse) and did all he could to undermine the Walls. But the Carthaginians making a stout resistance, and the place being all of Rock, he was now out of all hopes to take it by force, and therefore (after Two Months lying before it) he rais'd his Siege. And now he design'd to bend his Force elsewhere, and to that end to furnish himself with a great Fleet, in order to be Master of the Sea. and to Transport a great Army into Africa.
15. When the Mamertines in Messina grew strong, they fortify'd many Castles, and put Garrisons into them. And came presently with an Army (they had order'd to be in readiness) to the relief of Messina. But Hiero leaving the Enemies Country took Myla by Storm, and brought under his Command 1500 Soldiers, and then march'd towards Amesalus (which lies between the Centoripines and the Agyreans) and tho' it was a strong Place and had many Soldiers in it, yet he took it by Assault and raz'd it to the ground, but he pardon'd all the Garrison'd Soldiers, and joyn'd them to his own Army. The Territory he gave to the Centorippines and the Agyreans. Afterwards Hiero (having a great Army) march'd against the Mamertines, and wan Alesa; and being readily receiv'd of the Abacaenes and Tyndarites, he gain'd their Cities also; and so penn'd up the Mamertines into a strait and narrow corner. For on that side towards the Sicilian Sea, he was Lord of Tauromenium a City near Messina, and towards the Hetrurian Sea, he commanded the Tyndarites. And now making an incursion into the Territories of Messina, he encamp'd at the River Lotanus, having with him in his Army 10000 Foot and 1500 Horse. The Mamertines encamp'd over against him with 8000 Foot and but 40. Horse, under the Command of Cios, who call'd the Augures together to consult the issue of the Battle by the view of the Sacrifices; who answer'd, That by the Intralls the Gods foretold that he must lodge that Night in the Enemies Camp: Upon this he was Transported with Joy to think he should be Master of the King's Camp. Hereupon he forthwith attempted to pass the River with his Forces drawn up in Battalia. Hiero on the other side, Commands 200 Exiles of Messina (who were stout and noted Men for their Valour, with whom he join'd 400 others of his best Soldiers) to compass an Hill call'd Thorax there near at hand, and so to come round upon the back of the Enemy, and he himself in order of Battle met them in the Front. Whereupon the Armies Engag'd both Horse and Foot (the King having gain'd a Rising Ground near the River much to his advantage) The issue was doubtful for some time: but they that were order'd to the Hill, on a sudden fell upon the Mamertines, who (being but raw Men and tir'd out) were easily vanquish'd. At length, being hemm'd in on every side, they took to their Heels: But the Syracusians pursu'd them so close with their whole Army, that they cut them off every Man, save the General, who fighting with great Valour, at length fainted by the many wounds he receiv'd, and was taken prisoner, and brought half dead into the King's Camp, and committed to the care of the Chirurgeons; thus being brought to spend the Night according to the prediction of the Augures in the Enemies Camp. When the King was very earnest to have Cion being Cur'd, some came to the King with Horses they had taken in the Fight; Upon which, when Cion saw his Son's Horse among the rest, he concluded he was kill'd; whereupon he was so Transported with Passion, that he tore in pieces all the Bands and Ligatures of his Wounds, that by his own death he might Honour his Sons. The Mamertines hearing that both their General Cion and their whole Army was destroy'd, resolv'd to go and humble themselves to the King, as Suppliants. However, Fortune suffer'd not the Mamertines to be altogether lost and undone. For it hapned that at that time Hannibal the Carthaginian General lay at the Island Lipara, who as soon as he heard of this slaughter, went to the King with all speed, seemingly to congratulate his Victory, but in truth by some stratagem to circumvent him. And the King trusting to the Carthaginian's word, lay still. But Hannibal going to Messina, and finding Page 715 the Mamertines ready to deliver up their City he diswaded them, and making a League with them, put 40 Soldiers more into the City. Thus the Mamertines (even now in despair by reason of their great slaughter) were by this means secur'd from present danger. As for Hiero (being thus cheated by the Carthaginian General, and so discourag'd from besieging of Messina) he return'd to Syracuse after his many Successes. Afterwards when the Carthaginians as well as Hiero had thus lost Messina, they had an interview, and upon second thoughts entred into a Confederacy, to besiege the City with their joint Forces.
Fragm. 1. SIcily is one of the bravest Islands in the World, conducing much by its power to the gaining and increase of a larger Dominion.
2. Hanno the Son of Hannibal, as soon as he arriv'd in Sicily, Rendezvouz'd his Forces at Lilibeum, and thence March'd as far as Selinunte, where he left his Army Encamp'd near the City; but he himself went forward to Agrigentum, and fortifi'd the Citadel. Then he brought over the People to the Interest of the Carthaginians, and so engag'd them to be their Confederates. After he return'd to his Camp, Ambassadors came to him from Hiero, to consult concerning the publick Good of Sicily: for they had made a League and Agreement one with another to make War upon the Romans, if they would not forthwith withdraw all their Forces out of Sicily. In execution of which they both March'd with their Armies to Messina: Where Hiero Encamp'd in the Hill call'd Chalchidicus: The Carthaginians lay with theirs near the * Monuments, and possess'd themselves of the Arsenal call'd Pelotias, and both presently laid close Siege to Messina. As soon as the News was brought to Rome, they sent away Appias Cladius, one of the Consuls, with a great Army, who came to Rhegium with all speed; and from thence sent Ambassadors to Hiero and the Carthaginians to raise their Siege, and promis'd in a general Assembly not to make any Incursion into the Territories of Hiero. To which Hiero answer'd that the Mamertines for their razing and ruining of Gela and Camarina, and their cruelty and wickedness in getting the possession of Messina were most justly Besieg'd: And that it did not become the Romans who are so cry'd up in every place for their Justice and Faithfulness, to protect such bloody Villains, who had contemptuously broken all the Tyes and Bonds of Faith and Truth amongst Men. And if notwithstanding, they begin a War in the defence of such notoriously wicked Men, it will be evident and apparent to all Man-kind, That succour to them that are in destress, is but a meer pretence to cover their Covetousness, whereas in truth their Aim is to gain Sicily.
3. The Romans at first bore four square shields, but afterwards, when they observ'd the Tyrrheneans to carry brazen shields, they got the like, and Conquer'd them.
4. When the Consul Landed at Messina; Hiero suspecting that the Carthaginians had made way for him, fled himself to Syracuse. The Carthaginians being at length subdu'd, the Consul besieg'd Aegista, and after the loss of a great number of his Men return'd to Messina.
5. When both Consuls arriv'd in Sicily, they besieg'd the City Adranita, and took it by storm. And while they were besieging the * Centorippians, and lay Encamp'd at the brazen Halls or Palaces; first Ambassadors came from them of Laessina: Afterwards other Cities that were terrify'd with the Roman Armies, sent Ambassadors for terms of Peace, with promise to deliver up all their Towns into the hands of the Romans to the number of 67. From all which places they March'd to Syracuse to besiege Hiero, who seeing the uneasiness of the Syracusians at this preparation against them, sent Ambassadors to the Consuls to Negotiate for Peace. Who readily agreed to the Conditions, designing chiefly the War against the Carthaginians. A Peace therefore was concluded for 14 Years: And the Romans were to receive 140000 * Drachmas. And after he had releas'd all the Prisoners to them, they agreed that Syracuse and all the Cities under his Jurisdiction, viz. Aera, Leontinum, Megara, Aelora, Neatina, and Tauromenum should remain in the hands of Hiero In the mean time Hannibal was come as far as Xiphonia to the Aid of the King; but hearing what was done, March'd back.
6. The Romans after they had besieg'd the Towns call'd Adrones, and Macella for a long time together, at length rais'd their Sieges without effecting any thing.
Page 716 7. The Aegestines who were the first brought under the power of the Carthaginians, revolted to the Romans. The Alieneans did the like. But they took H•larius Tyrit•us and Ascelu• by force. The Tyndar〈…〉s seeing themselves deserted (through Fear) design'd to deliver up themselves as the rest had done: but the Carthaginians suspecting their design, took the chiefest of the Citizens for Hostages, and carry'd them and the Corn and Wine, and all the rest of the Provision that was in the Town to Lilibeum.
‖ Philemon the Comedian writ 97 Comedies; he liv'd 99. ‖. The Romans that besieg'd Agrigentum, and that made the Trenches, and cast up the Works, were 100000. At length, after a stout resistance the Carthaginians deliver'd up Agrigentum to the Romans.
8. After the siege of Agrigentum, Hanno the Elder brought over a great Army out of Africa into Sicily, of 50000 Foot, and 6000 Horse, and 60 Elephants. Philinus the Historian of Agrigentum sets forth this Expedition. Hanno with all these Forces March'd from Lilybeum to Heraclea. About this time some came and offered to deliver up Erbesus. H•nno in Prosecution of the War lost in two Battles 3000 Foot, and 200 Horse, and 4000.—that were taken Prisoners. In the mean time, 30 of his Elephants dy'd, and 3 were wounded.
9. There was likewise the City Entellina—Hanno therefore by his prudent management by one Stratagem, cut off both his open and secret Enemies at onetime. And after they had lain thus before it for the space of 6 Months, Agrigentum was at length deliver'd up to them; and they carry'd away above 24000 as Slaves. But the Romans lost 30000 Foot, and 540 Horse. But the Carthaginians Fin'd Hanno in 6000 Pieces of Gold, and took away his Commission, and sent Amilcar General into Sicily, in his Room. The Romans then Besieg'd Mystratus, and for that purpose devis'd many Engines: But after 7 Months time they rais'd their Siege, with the loss of a great number of their Men. But Amilcar fought with the Romans at Thermas, and routed them, killing 6000 upon the place; and it was not far from, but the whole Army—The Castle Mazaron was likewise taken by the Romans. Then Camarina was betray'd into the hands of Amilcar the Carthaginian, and not long after Enna in the same manner. There he Wall'd in Drapanum, and made it a Town of defence, and after he had Transplanted the Inhabitants of Eryx thither, he raz'd the City to the Ground, except that part which surrounded the Temple. But the Romans took Mystratus, now Besieg'd the 3d time, and levell'd it to the Ground, and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves. The Consul afterwards March'd to Camarina, and laid Siege to it, but could not reduce it. But at length by the help of some Engines of Battery and other Instruments of War, sent to him from Hiero, he wan the Place, and sold most of the Camarineans for Slaves. Presently after, he became Master of Enna by Treachery, where he put the Garison to the Sword, save some that made their escape out of the Town and fled to their Confederates. Thence he March'd to Satana, and took it by Storm. Then placing Garisons in other Cities, he made for 〈…〉cus, a Castle belonging to the Agrigentines, which was also betray'd and deliver'd up to him, and there he plac'd a Garison. About this time Erbesus was deserted by its Inhabitants.—But the River Alycus, and the last of all the other.—
10. A prudent Man ought either to resolve to Conquer, or else to submit to those that are Stronger than he.
11. All men in time of Adversity are apt to be more Religious, and more frequent in Devotion than at other times: But in times of Prosperity and Success, they make slight of the Gods as so many Fables and Romances. And when they are again brought into Troubles, then they run again to their natural Shelter.—
12. It's much more easie to get the advantage of an Enemy when a Man will be advis'd, and be willing upon all occasions to rectifie his own mistakes. And it often happens that they who are carry'd away to the same—
Many are stirr'd up to Virtue through the Credit and Reputation that attend upon them, that employ themselves in good and commendable studies, and exercises.—
For not being able to bear, as an over heavy burden the Successes of Fortune heap'd upon him, he depriv'd himself of most of the glory of his Actions, and involv'd his Country in great Calamities—Moreover, when the Romans had Transported a great Army into Africa, under the Command of Attilias the Consul, they at first prevail'd over the Carthaginians, and took many of their Towns and Castles, and destroy'd great numbers of their Soldiers: But as soon as Panthippus the Spartan (whom they had hir'd to be their General) came out of Greece, the Carthaginians totally routed the Romans, and destroy'd a numerous Army. Afterwards they Fought several Sea-Fights, wherein the Romans lost many Ships, and abundance of Men, to the number of 100000.—The honour he had gain'd before, highly aggravated the disgrace and contempt; and by Page 717 his own Example, he instructed others to carry humbly and modestly when they are in the greatest Power and Authority. And that which stung him most, was that he was made the Scorn, and brought into the power of those whom he had before proudly trampled upon in disdain: And now had depriv'd himself of all Pity and Commiseration, commonly shew'd to Men in Misery and Distress.—
For those that before were Conquerors in all, he now altogether Conquer'd: And those that before (through the slaughter made amongst them) expected nothing but utter Destruction. Now, (by the greatness of the Victory by them on the other hand obtain'd) he caus'd to slight and contemn their Enemies.—For its no wonder if the Prudence and Experience of a General effect those things which seem to others impossible: for all things are easie and possible to Ingenuity and Diligence, supported by skill, acquir'd by Experience.—For as the Body is the servant of the Soul, so great Armies are govern'd by the Prudence of their Generals.—The Senate ordering all things for the publick good.—Philistus then writ his History.—But the Romans who had pass'd over into Africa, and fought with the Carthaginians a Battle at Sea, and beaten them, and taken 24 of their Ships, after they had taken aboard those Romans that were left of the Land Army, (as they were Sailing to Sicily) were all Shipwrackt near Camerina, and lost 340 Men of War, besides Vessels for Transporting of Horses, and other Transport Ships to the number of 300: So that all the Coasts from Camerina to Pachynum, were fill'd with the Carcasses of Men and Horses, and Wrecks of Ships. Hiero courteously entertain'd those that escap'd, and supplying them with Meat and Drink, Cloaths and other necessaries, convey'd them safe to Messina. Carthalo the Carthaginian after the Shipwrack, of the Romans, Besieg'd Agrigentum, took it and burnt the Town, and demolish'd the Walls; and those that were left, fled to Olympius. The Romans after the Shipwarck Equipp'd out another Fleet of 250 Sail, and came to Cephaledium, which was deliver'd up to them by Treachery. Thence they March'd to Drapanus, and began to Besiege it, but upon Succours brought in by Carthalo, they drew off, and Sail'd to Panormus: There they cast Anchor in the Harbour even under the Walls, and landed their Army, and then drew a Wall and Trench round the City. And the Country being very wooddy, even up to the City Gates, they had the advantage to raise Mounts and Bulwarks all along from Sea to Sea. Then the Romans by continual assaults and batteries beat down the Walls, and entring the outward Forts, put many to the Sword, the rest fled into the old City, and sent out Commissioners to the Consul to treat for the sparing of their lives. The Conditions were agreed unto; That every Person that paid 2 Minas for his head, should be free: Hereupon the Romans entred, and 40000 were set free for the Ransom agreed upon, the rest to the number of 30000 were sold for Slaves, together with the Spoils. But they of Jetina, drave out the Carthaginian Garison and deliver'd up the Town to the Romans: The like did the Seluntines, Petrineans, Enaterineans and Tyndarites. Then the Consuls leaving a Garison in Panormus March'd away to Messina. The Year following the Romans design'd another Descent into Lybia, but being prevented from landing by the Carthaginians they return'd to Panormus. Thence in their return to R••e, by another Tempest they lost 150 Ships of War, besides Transport Ships with all their Loading and Provision. About this time the Governour of Therme being abroad about some necessary occasions, was taken Prisoner by the Roman Army: and during his Confinement he Treated by Messengers with the General to open the Gates of the City to him in the Night if he might be releas'd: The time was agreed upon, and he was order'd to be discharg'd, and 1000 Men were sent thither in the Night, who came there at the time appointed, whereupon he open'd the Gates, and the chiefest Persons of Quality only entred, giving a strict charge to the Guard, to shut the Gates and suffer none other to enter; and this they did to the end that none but themselves might have the plunder and pillage of the City; but they were all presently knock'd on the Head, a just reward for their Covetousness. But at another time Therme and Lipara were given up into the hands of the Romans. Yet they fail'd of their purpose at the Castle of Er〈…〉, tho' they besieg'd it with 40000 Foot, and 1000 Horse.—
Asdrubal the Carthaginian General being ill spoken of by his Soldiers for not sighting, March'd away with the whole Army, and came to Panormus through the straits of Selinuntia, and passing over the River near the Town, he Encamp'd close to the Walls without Fortifying himself, in Contempt of the Enemy. And now again plenty of Wine being brought into the Camp by the Merchants, the Celte made themselves drunk, and while they were roaring and tearing and filling all places with disorder and confusion, Caecilius the Consul broke in upon them, and totally routed them, and sent 60 Elephants then taken in the Fight, to Rome, which were the admiration of the Romans.
Eclog. 1. THE Carthaginians, after they had raz'd the City Selinunte, transplanted the Citizens to Lilybeum. But the R•mans sail'd with 240 long Gallies, and 60 round Vessels, and all other sorts of Shipping to Panormus, and thence to Lilybeum, which now they began to besiege; and fortify'd themselves by a Trench drawn all along from Sea to Sea. Then they prepar'd them Engines to cast Stones, battering Rams and Engines not only to batter, but pluck the Stones by violence out of the Walls, and all other things necessary for the raising of Mounts and Bulwarks. Then they fill'd 15 of their round Vessels with Stones, and cast them into the Mouth of the Harbour to choak it up. The Roman Army amounted to the number of 110000 Men, of whom 60000 Foot and 700 Horse were order'd to carry on the Siege. But 4000 Men with Corn and Provision were sent from Carthage to the Besieged, which greatly heartned them and Atarbus their Governor. When the Romans understood that Relief was got into the City, they fill'd up the Mouth of the Harbour a second time, and made a Bomb with Anchors and great Pieces of Timber; but the Wind which then blew high, and the violent Surges of the Sea, broke all asunder. The Romans likewise made another Engine to cast mighty Stones; but the Carthaginians rais'd another Wall within, and the Romans fill'd up the City Trench with Earth, which was 60 Cubits broad, and 40 deep. And whilst a Skirmish was fought on that side of the Walls towards the Sea, the R•mans plac'd an Ambush on the other side, and the Soldiers within making Sallies out of the Town to help them that were engag'd at the Sea-side, those that lay in Ambush (having Scaling-Ladders ready mounted) gain'd the first Wall; which being known, the Carthaginian Commander fell furiously upon them, and kill'd 10000 upon the Place, and put the rest to flight, and burnt all the Roman Engines, battering Rams, Instruments to cast Stones, and all their Works and Fortifications. After this, the Carthaginians seeing that their Horse was of no use to them in the strait and narrow Passages, sent them away to Drapanum. Then presently came in strong Recruits to the Carthaginians; but the Romans (by the burning of their Engines, and through want of Provision, and the breaking out of the Plague amongst them,) were reduc'd to great Straits, (for only the Romans and their Confederates eat Flesh,) and so a great Distemper seiz'd them, that in a very few days there dy'd 10000, so that they were very earnest to breast up the Siege; but Hiero, King of Syracuse, sent them a great quantity of Corn, which again encourag'd them to continue. Afterwards the Romans chose another Consul, and gave the Command of the Army to Claudius the Consul, the Son of Appius, who taking charge of the Army, stop'd up the Mouth of the Port as his Predecessor had done, but the Sea bore down and carry'd all away again. Moreover Claudius thinking himself able to do great Things, furnish'd out 210 of the best Ships, and arriv'd at Drapanum, and there engag'd with the Carthaginians in a Sea-fight, and was beaten, and lost 117 of his Ships, and 20000 Men. There never happen'd so great a Fight at Sea, and so absolute a Victory, either among the Carthaginians, or any other about these times; and that which was more to be admir'd was, That tho' the Carthaginians were in so great Danger, and had only 90 Sail, yet they lost not one Man, and had but a very few wounded.—With 30 Sail, which intercepted the Corn and Provision belonging to the Romans, and carry'd it to Drapanum, and taking thence what remain'd that was useful, they came to Lilybeum, and loaded the Besieg'd with all kind of Provision. And now Carthalo the General came from Carthage with 70 long Ships or Men of War, and as many loaden with Corn, who also set upon the Romans and sunk some of their Vessels, and carry'd off four others that lay at Anchor. But after he heard that the Roman Fleet was set forth from Syracuse, having call'd a Council of War, he went out to Sea against them with 220 Sail of the best Ships he had. When the Fleets came in sight one of another near the Coasts of Gela, the Romans (struck with a Pannick Fear) attack'd about and hasted to Phintiades, leaving all their Transport Ships loaden with Provision, and other Vessels, behind them. But the Carthaginians making a swift Pursuit after them, there happened a fierce Engagement; In which, the Carthaginians sunk 50 of their great Men of War, and 60 other long Gallies, and disabled 13. After the Fight, the Carthaginians sail'd to the River Alycus, and there took care of their wounded Men. In the mean time, Junius the Consul not knowing what was done, loos'd from Messina with 36 long Gallies and many Ships of Burden, and having pass'd Pachynus, and gain'd the Port of Phintiades, upon Intelligence of what had happen'd he was amaz'd; and the Carthaginians making up upon him with their whole Navy, he burnt 12 of the most useless of his own Ships, and sail'd with the rest towards Page 719Syracuse, hoping to be secur'd by Hiero. But near Camarina a Storm arose, which drave him upon the Shallows and Rocks, the Winds being very fierce and boistrous: But the Carthaginians having recover'd Pachynus, anchor'd in a safe and secure Harbour. The Romans being thus distress'd, lost all their Transport Sips of Corn and Provision, and 105 long Gallies, so that there were only two that escap'd, and most of their Men perish'd. Junius with those two, and those Men that were preserv'd, came to the Camp at Lilybeum: He surpriz'd Erix in the night, and wall'd Aegothalus, which is now call'd Acellus, and put in there a Garrison of 800 Men. But when Carthalo had intelligence, that the Places about Eryx were possess'd by the Enemy, he wasted thither a considerable Body of Men in the night, and assaulted the Garrison of Agothalus and took the Castle, and so succeeding in his Design; some he put to the Sword, and the rest fled to Eryx, where was a Garrison of 3000 Men. In the first Sea-fight the Romans lost 35000 Men, and as many were taken Prisoners.
11. In the Territory of Catana there was a Castle call'd Italium, which was assaulted by Barcas the Carthaginian.—For the Counsels and Stratagems of the Commanders being communicated to their Friends, were discover'd by some Deserters to the Enemy, which terrifi'd the Soldiers, and possess'd them with an expectation of some imminent Danger. But Barcas arriving there in the night, landed his Men, and was the first that led them to Eryx (which was 30 Stages distant) and took the City, and put most of them to the Sword, and those that surviv'd he remov'd to Drapanum.—Always and in every Concern it's known by Experience, that the Observance of good Rule and Order has produc'd many good and great Effects.—
12. But Calatinus the Consul sail'd into Sicily with 300 long Gallies, and other Shipping, to the number of 1000 in the whole, and cast Anchor at the Mart-Town of the Eryceans. Hanno likewise arriv'd in the Sacred Island from Carthage with 250 long Gallies, and other Ships of Burden; thence he came to Eryx.—The Romans fell on, and a sharp and obstinate Engagement there was on both sides, in which the Carthaginians lost 117 Ships, and among those 20 with all their Men. But the Romans—80, 30 for their own Charge and Expence, and 50 to divide for Spoil, and 6000 Prisoners, (as Philinus reports,) but as others 4040; the rest of the Fleet got safe with a fair Wind to Carthage.—For Valour signifi'd nothing, when the Fleet was so dispers'd, that it had no body to fly unto, but was by the Sea (as it were) deliver'd up into the hands of the Enemy. So that after the War had continu'd between the Romans and the Carthaginians for the space of 24 years, and Lilybeum had been besieg'd 10 years, a Peace was concluded.
1. EPicurus the Philosopher, in his Book call'd Maximus, saith, That a Righteous Life is void of all Trouble and Disturbance; but an Unrighteous, nothing but Trouble and Sorrow. It contains much Matter in brief and certain Sentences, tending greatly to the Reformation of the Manners and Lives of Men: For Injustice is the greatest of all Evils, involving not only private Men, but (that we may sum up all at once) Nations, Kings and Kingdoms, in most miserable Calamities.—For the Spaniards gall them of the Baleary Islands, Africans, Carthaginians, and Ligureans, join'd with them of Carthage. And the Slaves, whose Parents were Grecians, on one side, who also rebell'd.—Then it was perfectly learnt by Experience, how far the Diligence of an expert Commander excell'd the blind and heady Vulgar, and the rash and ignorant Conduct of a rude Common Soldier.—So excellent a thing is Modesty in Commanding, that it enjoins nothing beyond the Power of Men.—But after their departure out of Sicily, the Carthaginian Mercenaries rose up in Arms against them for these Reasons.—They were unreasonable and excessive in their Demands for the Horses and Men which they had lost in Sicily.—And they were in War one with another 4 Years, and as many Months. But at length they were put to Death by Barcas the General, who had likewise perform'd notable Service in Sicily against the Romans.
2. But Amilcar the Carthaginian General in a short time enlarg'd the Bounds of his Country; for he advanc'd with his Fleet as far as to the Pillars of Hercules and the Gades. This City is a Colony of the Phenicians, lying in the farthest Corner of the Earth on the Sea side, and hath an Haven. Having subdu'd the Iberians and the Tartesians with IstolotiusPage 720 the General of the Celtae, and his Brother, he put most of them to the Sword, amongst whom were the Two Brothers, and several other Honourable Persons: And he receiv'd into his own Army 3000 of them that were prisoners. But Endort•s got again together 50000 Men, but fled before he engag'd, and betook himself to an high Hill: where being beset and blockt up by Amilcar, he fled away again in the night, and most of his Army were cut off. Indortes himself at length fell into the Enemies hands, and Amilcar put out his Eies, and then with many Scoffs and Scorns Crucify'd him. But he discharg'd above 10000 other prisoners, and took in many Cities, some by f•ir Promises and persuasions: and others by force. Then Asdrubal the Son of Amilcar being sent by his Father-in-law to Carthage against the Numidians (who had rebell'd against the Carthaginians) kill'd 8000, and took 2000 prisoners: The rest were subdu'd and brought under Tribute. In the mean time Amilcar having gain'd many Cities in Spain, built a very large Town, which from its situation he call'd Acra Leuca; having afterwards besieg'd the City Helice, he sent away the greatest part of his Army, and Elephants into their Winter Quarters to the City he had lately built, and continu'd with the rest at the Siege. But Orisso the King (under pretence of coming in as a Friend to join with Amilcar) sucour'd the Besieg'd, and forc'd Amilcar to fly and raise his Siege; his Sons and Friends he order'd for their safety, to take one way by themselves, and he himself pass'd another, and being hotly pursu'd by the King, in taking a great River he was forc'd off his Horse by the violence of the Stream, and so drowned: But Hanniball and Asdruball his Sons got safe to Acra Leuca, or the White Citadell,——And tho' Amilcar dy'd many Ages before our time, yet History has left an Epitaph and Commemoration of his due praise. But Asdrubal his Son-in-law as soon as he heard of his Fatherin law's death, forthwith marched away, and came to Acra with above 100 Elephants. Being chosen General by the Army, and the Carthaginians, he pickt out 50000 Foot of old experienc'd Soldiers, 6000 Horse, and 200 Elephants. In the first place he ruin'd and broke in pieces King Orisso, then he put to the Sword all that were the occasion of Amilcar's flight, and got possession of Twelve Cities: and at length all the Cities of Spain. And having now celebrated a new Marriage, and taken the Daughter of the King of Spain to Wife, he was invested with full Power in the Government, by all the Spaniards. He afterwards built a City by the Sea-side which he call'd Carthage, and after this another, and aspir'd to exceed Amilcar in Power and Greatness. He had in his Army 60000 Foot, 8000 Horse, and 200 Elephants. But at length he was assassinated by one of his own Houshold, having been General Nine Years.
3. The Celtae with the Gauls entring into a War against the Romans, rais'd an Army of 200000 Men; and in the First Battle were victorious; and likewise in the Second, wherein one of the Roman Consuls were kill'd: tho' the Romans had an Army of 70000 Foot and 7000 Horse. However, tho' they were worsted in the Two First Battles, yet in the Third they gain'd a signal Victory, killing 40000 upon the place, and taking the rest prisoners—So that the greatest of their Kings cut his own Throat: but the other was taken alive. After this brave Exploit, Aemilius being made Consul, wasted the Country of the Gauls and Celtae, and took in many Cities and Castles, and filled the City of Rome with Spoils.
4. Hiero King of Syracuse supply'd the Romans with Corn in the Celtick War, and was paid for it when the War was ended.
5. The Army wanting a General after Asdrubal was slain, the Charthaginians unanimously chose Hannibal the Eldest Son of Amilcar to be their General—While the City Seguntum was Besieg'd by Hanniball, the Citizens got together all the Riches in the Temples, and all the Silver and Gold in the Houses, nay, till it came to the Jewels in the Womens Ears, and laid them on an heap, and melted them down, mixing Brass and Lead with the Gold and Silver to make them useless and invaluable: and having so done, they all valiantly made a Sally, and fought it out to the last Man, and all dy'd upon the place, not without a great slaughter first made of their Enemies. The Mothers likewise first kill'd their own Children, and then stifled themselves by the smoak of the Furnaces. And so Hanniball gain'd the Town without any benefit of Plunder: whom when the Romans demanded to be brought to Trial for his breach of the League, and could not prevail, they began the War call'd the Hannibal War.
Eclog. 1. THere was never any Poet or Historian, or any Learned Man of what Science soever, that could please all their Readers in every thing. Neither can any thing that is mortal, tho' it attain its end and design, gain the general approbation of all, so as to be wholly free from Exception and Censure. For neither * Phidias who was so admir'd for his Ivory Images: Nor * Praxiles that excellent Stone-cutter: Nor Appelles or Parrasius, who attain'd to the highest pitch of Art and Skill in Limning and Painting, could ever reach to that degree of Happiness, as to exhibit any piece of their several Arts, that was not in some respect capable of Censure. For who was a more Famous Poet than Homer; or an Orator than Demosthenes? Who more Just than Aristides and Solon? yet join'd as a Flaw to all their Excellencies there is an Oration that carps at them, and makes them as if they were all ignorant Fellows. For indeed being but Men, altho' they attained to eminent Perfection in their several Accomplishments, yet through Human Frailty, they fail'd and mistook in many things. However, some Men there are who discover both their Envy and Folly, who wilfully omit to give an account of what is commendable and praise-worthy; but where they have any colour to find fault, there they fix, and are unwilling ever to leave it, endeavouring by blackning another, to set forth the more their own Worth and Excellencies; not considering that every Art and peculiar Accomplishment is more to be judg'd of by enquiry into the thing it self, than by making conclusions from the partial and peevish Passion of another, But any would admire this industrious Folly of Detraction, whereby a person by blackening another, in truth loses his own Reputation.—There are some things that by a blind instinct, are naturally hurtful, as Frost, and Snow burn and blast the fairest and most pleasant Fruits; and the resplendent Whiteness of the Snow so dazles the Eyes, that it almost deprives them of their Sight: and so some Men that have neither Wit nor Will to do any thing that is commendable themselves, yet have Malice and Folly enough naturally, to judge and condemn the Actions of others: But it is the part of a prudent and understanding Man, always to attribute due praise to them, who by their Industry have prosecuted virtuous Designs: And where any have not been so successful as they desir'd, not to taunt at the infirmity of Humane Nature; But so much of these envious Men.
2. For as a brave Champion after he has spent much time in anointing himself, at length descends into the Lists—Having gain'd great Experience and an Habit.
3. Menodotus the Corinthian writ the Affairs of Greece in 14 Books. And Sosilus the Ilian the Acts of Hannibal in Seven.
4. Among the Romans a Legion consists of 5000 Men.
5. Men naturally flock to them that are in prosperity, but insult over those that are brought into Distress.—For the Soul presently to undergo a meer contrary Change, which is in its own nature unchangeable.
6. The City of Rhodes being ruin'd by a great Earthquake, Hiero the Syracusian bestow'd Six Talents of Silver towards the repairing of the Walls, and Silver Cauldrons of great value, besides Money: And let them have Corn to Transport free from Custom.
7. That which is now call'd Philopolis, was heretofore call'd Phiotis of Thebes, over all Thessaly.
8, For sost Beds, constant delicate Fare, and the use of all sorts of precious Ointments, unfitted them for toil and hardship.—For both their Bodies and Minds were habituated to Effeminacy and Luxuriousness.—For Men naturally can hardly brook Toil and Pains, and low Diet; but delight in Idleness and Luxury. For Hannibal with much Toil and Care gain'd Cities both from the Romans and Brutians, and took Crotona, and Besieg'd Rhegium. For from Hercules Pillars in the West to Crotona, he over-ran all the Roman Territories.
1. VVHile these things were doing, Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes, to beg pardon for what they had done. For in the War against Perseus they had seem'd to favour the King, and to break their League with the Romans. But not being able to accomplish any thing for which they were sent, they were greatly dejected, and solicited with Tears the great and principal Men of the City: Whereupon being introduc'd into the Senate by Antonius, one of the Tribunes of the People, Philophron was the first that open'd the matter, and business of their Embassy. And after him Astimedes; when they had made many Arguments and apt Discourses to prevail with the Senate, and at last according to the Proverb, had with the Swan concluded their mournful Ditty, they receiv'd an answer which presently freed from their fears: However they were sharply reprov'd, and fin'd for their Offences. So that it is evident how the most noble among the Romans (by whom the greatest Affairs are manag'd) strive which shall be most generous, and upon that account gain most Honour and Reputation. For in the Administration of publick Affairs elsewhere, one envies another. But the Romans praise and commend one another. So that while all endeavour to advance the publick Good, great and glorious things are Atchiev'd: but as to others, while they aim only at their own vain Glory, and envy the Successes one of another, they ruin their Country.
2. At length Aemilius took Perseus the last King of Macedonia, who had often enter'd into a League with the Romans, and as often appear'd in the Field with great Armies against them. And after the Victory Aemilius Triumph'd gloriously. And tho' Perseus was brought into so great miseries and calamities, as that the ruins and destructions which he suffer'd, can scarce be parallel'd by any Romance, yet was he not willing to part with his Life. For before the Senate had determin'd any thing relating to his punishment, one of the chief Officers of the City cast both him and his Children into the Goal Albinus. This Prison is a deep Dungeon of the bigness of a Chamber, capable of 9 Beds at the most: Dark and full of all sorts of filth and nastiness, by reason of the multitude of Men Condemn'd for capital Offences, that from time to time were thrust down there; and generally most of such Malefactors were put into this Place. So that many being shut up together in so strait a place, those miserable Creatures were even turn'd into Beasts: And in regard the Meat, Drink, and other necessaries which were brought them, were jumbled together into one Chaos and heap of Confusion, there arose thence such a stench that none that came near, were able to endure. In a most miserable Condition Perseus continu'd here for the space of 7 Days, insomuch that he begg'd relief, and some share of the Food of those strangers in Prison, who had only a stinted allowance. They out of compassion to this miserable Man, with great humanity and tears in their Eyes, gave him part of that small pittance they had, and withall offer'd him a Sword and a Rope, to use which of them he would at his pleasure, for the putting an end to his Life, Yet nothing seems so sweet as Life, even to the miserable; tho' they suffer what is equivalent to death it self in the mean time. To conclude, he had certainly ended his days in this extream misery, if Marcus Aemilius President of the Court (out of respect to the dignity of his Person, mov'd by the natural and innate humanity of the Romans) had not with some indignation mov'd the Senate on his behalf, putting them in mind, that tho' they fear'd not Men, yet they should bear some awe and reverence to Nemesis, who will take vengeance on them that use their power with Pride and Insolency. Upon this he was committed to a more moderate Confinement, and while he was seeding himself with fresh hopes, he ended his days agreeable to the former misfortunes of his Life: for after he had liv'd 2 Years in this fond love of Life, having displeas'd his barbarous Keepers they would not suffer him to sleep, and so he dy'd.
3. The Kings of Cappadocia say that they came from Cyrus King of Persia. They affirm likewise that they are descended from one of those Seven Persians that kill'd Magus. And they drew down their Pedegree from Cyrus thus: That Atossa was the Sister of Cambyses, and Daughter of Cyrus: That Gallus was the Son of Atossa and Pharnaces King of Cappadocia, Smerdis the Son of Gallus, and Artames the Son of Smerdis, and Artames had issue Anaphas (a brave and valian: Man) who was the Father of one of th• Seven Persians. In this manner thereforePage 723do they make out their Consanguinity both to Cyrus and to Anaphas, who it's said was of so stout a Spirit, that before he would pay Tribute to the Persians, he abdicated his Government of Capadocia. After his death Anaphas his Son Reign'd in his stead, who dying, left his two Sons, Ditamus and Arimneus, and that Ditamus took upon him the Government, (a Warlike Prince, and in all respects accomplish'd for the Kingdom) who joining Battle with the Persians, and behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution, was kill'd in the Fight, and his Son Ariamnes succeeded him in the Kingdom. To whom were born two Sons, Ariarathes and Holophernes: And after he had Reign'd 50 Years, he dyed having done nothing memorable, and the Elder of his Sons Ariarathes succeeded him, who it's said bore so great and tender a Love to his Brother, that he advanc'd him to the highest degree of Honour and Preferment. And sent him to join with the Persians in the War against the Aegyptians, who after return'd loaden with many and large marks of Honour conferr'd upon him by Ochus, for his Valour, and dy'd in his own Country, leaving behind him two Sons, Ariarathes and Arysses. And that his Brother the King of Cappadocia ( having no legal Issue) adopted Ariarathes his Brother's Eldest Son. About this time Alexander the Macedonian King ruin'd the Persian Empire, and presently after dy'd. But Perdiccas who had the chief Command, sent Eumenes as General into Cappadocia, who subdu'd and kill'd Ariarathes and brought Cappadocia and all the bordering Territories into the the power of the Macedonians. But Ariarathes, the adopted Son of the former King, despairing for the present to regain the Kingdom, with a few followers fled into Armenia. But Eumenes and Berdiccas both dying not long after, and Antigonus and Seleucus imbroil'd in War one with another, Ariarathes with the help of Arcloathus King of Armenia (who furnish'd him with forces) routed and kill'd Amyntas the Macedonian General, and presently drave all the Macedonians out of the Country, and recover'd his Kingdom. He had 3 Sons, the Eldest of which, Ariamnes succeeded him, who join'd in affinity with Antiochus Theos, and Married his Eldest Son Ariarathes to Stratonice, Antiochus his Daughter. And for the great love he had to him above all his Children, •e set the Diadem upon his Head, and made him Co-parther with him in the Kingdom: and after the death of his Father he reign'd alone. Then he dying, Ariarathes his Son, of a very tender Age, succeeded. He Marry'd Antiochide (the Daughter of Antiochus the great) a very subtile Woman: Who because she bore no Children, to make up that defect, contriv'd (unknown to her Husband) a suppositious Birth, as if she had Born two Sons, which were call'd Ariarathes and Holofernes. But not long after, she conceiv'd in reality, and unexpectedly was deliver'd of two Daughters and one Son call'd Mithridates. Upon this she acquainted her Husband with the Imposture, and so wrought with him that she prevail'd with him to send away the Eldest of the two Sons with a small Sum of Money to Rome, and the other into Ionia, lest they should challenge the Kingdom from him that was lawful Heir to the Crown; who after he came to Man's Estate (its said) was call'd Ariarathes, and was Educated in all the learning of Greece, and was a Person accomplish'd with all manner of Virtuous Endowments. That the Father (who was wonderfully belov'd by the Son) strove all he could to repay his Son's love again: And their mutual endear'd affections one towards another went so far, that the Father would have given up the whole Kingdom into the Hands of the Son, but the Son on the other side told him, he could not possibly accept of so great an advantage from living Parents. After therefore his Father dy'd he succeeded, spending the rest of his life very virtuously and in the study of Philosophy: So that Cappadocia which was before little known to the Grecians, was now a desireable place of Residence for all learned Men: He renew'd the League of Peace and Friendship with the Romans. And in this manner is the Pedegree of those that have hitherto reign'd in Cappadocia, brought down from Cyrus.
4. For Statues are made of such Romans as are of noble Families, in near resemblance of the Persons, and according to the whole proportion of their Bodies. For all their life long, they have some, who observe their Mien and Deportment, and the special remarks of every part exactly. Likewise every Mans Ancestor stands in that Habit, and in those Ornaments, (and is so clearly represented) that every one knows the Person as soon as he looks upon him, and to what degree of Honour every one was advanc'd, and what Share and Interest they had in the Commonwealth.
5. Memmius was sent General with an Army into Spain. But the Lusitanians just upon his Landing, fell upon him, and routed him, and cut off most of his Army. When this success of the Iberians was nois'd abroad, the Araucians (who look'd upon themselves to be far better Soldiers than the Iberians) slighted and contemn'd the Enemy, and upon this ground and confidence, chiefly it was that in their general Council they determined to make War upon the Romans.
Fragment 1. ALexander fled out of the Fight with 500 Men to a City in Arabia, call'd Abas, to Diocles the Prince there; with whom he had before entrusted his Son Antiochus, a Child of very tender Age. Afterwards the Chief Commanders who were about Heliades (and had been with Alexander) plotting to assassinate Alexander, sent away some Messengers privately from among themselves, promising secretly to Murder him. Demetrius consenting to what they propos'd, they became both Traitors and Murderers of their Prince. We might be justly condemn'd if we should pass in silence that which happen'd before the death of Alexander, tho' for the strangeness of the thing it be scarce credible. King Alexander a little before these times, consulted with the Oracle in Silicia, where they say is the Temple of Apollo of Sarpedon: and it is reported that the Oracle made Answer, that he should take heed of that place which should bring forth a God of two shapes. This Divine Hint was then taken for a Riddle: but after the King was dead, the Truth was discover'd in this manner. For in Abas a City of Arabia dwelt one Diophantus a Macedonian. This Man Marry'd an Arabian Woman, by whom he had a Son, call'd after his own Name, and a Daughter call'd Heraides: His Son dy'd while he was young: But he gave a Portion to his Daughter when she was grown up, and Marry'd her to one Semiades, who, after he had liv'd with his Bride one year, undertook a long Journey: In the mean time (it is reported) that Heraides fell into a strange and wonderful distemper, such as is scarce credible. For she had a vehement Inflammation, and a great Swelling at the bottom of her Belly, which increas'd to that degree, that it brought her into a violent Feaver. The Physitians conceiv'd that it was an Ulcer about the neck of the Matrix; Refrigerating Medicines and Plaisters therefore were apply'd to bring down and cool those hot burning Tumors; upon the Seventh day the Humour burst, and out started from the Privy Parts of Heraides, a Man's Yard with the Testicles compleat. This hapned when neither Physitian nor any other Stranger was present, but only the Mother and Two Servants: who with the strangeness of the thing, were struck into a Maze. However, they made it their Care and Business to cure her, and kept all private to themselves. And when she was recover'd, she still wore a Womans Habit, and manag'd the Affairs of the House as Wives use to do. But those who were privy to what had hapned, suspected her to be an Hermaphrodite. And so, tho' formerly in carnal Embraces with her Husband, there might be no natural copulation, yet she had been seen frequently to have the carnal knowledge of Women. In the mean time while all things were kept secret, Semiades returns and demands his Wife, (as was very fit and reasonable.) And being continually urgent and pressing for the society of his Wife, the Father refus'd, and yet was asham'd to declare the reason, which occasion'd great dissention, so far as that the Husband resolv'd to sue the Father for his Wife: So that this wonder was expos'd to the publick view, like a Play upon the Stage, by the means of a criminal Accusation. The Person contended for was present in Court when the Matter was Banded to and fro, on either parties behalf; Upon which, the Judges were in doubt whether the Power and Authority of the Husband over the Wife, should be preferr'd before that of the Father over the Daughter. At length, when they were ready to give Sentence that the Wife should abide with her Husband, she discover'd the truth of the whole matter, and with great boldness and assurance of Mind threw off her feign'd Habit, and discover'd her self to be a Man to all that were there present, and in a surly manner utter'd these words. Can any compel one Man to Marry another? Upon which all were amaz'd, and set up a shout of Admiration at the strangeness of the thing. Heraides being now discover'd, afterwards (as is reported) chang'd her Womans Attire and put on the Habit of a young Man. And it's likewise said, that the Physitians when they saw those parts of the Woman, judg'd that the nature of the Male lay hid in the Womb of the Female (in a place in shape like an Egg) and that in the thin skarf or skin, that wrap'd about the Yard, was an unusual hole, through which the Urine pass'd. And that therefore they declar'd that the place first being pierc'd and made like an hollow pipe, should be turn'd into a green Wound, and at length brought to a Scab, and when the Yard was reduc'd to it's proper shape, that sutable Remedies should be apply'd for the cure of the Patient. Heraides was afterwards call'd Diophantus, and serv'd in the King's Camp in a Regiment of Horse, and then resided with the King at Abas. At that time therefore was the meaning of the Oracle understood, which was before dark and obscure; when the Page 725 King came to Abbas, where this Hermaphrodite was Born. It's reported that Semiades at length (through love he bore to her) upon the account of their former familiarity (and through shame of his unnatural Marriage) was able to bear up no longer, but after he had left all his Goods to Diophantus, and made him his Heir, broke his Heart and died. So she that had been a Woman, carry'd it with the courage of a Man, and he that was ever a Man, appear'd to be more pusillanimous than any Woman. The like to this fell out about 30 Years after in the City of Epidaurus. There was a young Maid in Epidaurus (as the report goes) an Orphan, whose name was Callo. This Maid had no passage in her privy parts, but about the Pecten there was a place like an issue through which the Urine pass'd ever from the time of her Birth. When she came to a mature Age, she was Married to one of the Citizens with whom she liv'd two Years, and tho' she was not capable of natural Embraces as a Woman, yet she was forc'd to endure those that were preternatural, or besides nature. But afterwards a Tumor arose near the Pecten which put her to exceeding torment, so that many Physitians were sent for to consult together, and all despair'd of Curing her: But an Apothecary undertook the Cure, and made an incision in the place, whence came forth a Mans Yard with Testicles, but solid without any passage. And when all were amaz'd at the strangeness of the thing, the Apothecary suppli'd the parts with what was deficient. First he made an incision into the end of the Yard, and pierc'd it even to the Uretor, and thrusting down a small silver Instrument, brought away the Urin and other excrementitious humours: But the place where the Issue was, he first turn'd into a green Wound, and then heal'd it up. Having perform'd this extraordinary Cure, he demanded a double reward; For he said he had undertaken to Cure a sick Woman, and had now set right a young Man. Callo hereupon laid aside her Wheel and other effeminate Imployments, and took upon her the Name of Callon, adding only the last Letter N to her former Name. Some say, that before her Transformation, she was the Priestess of Ceres, and because she shew'd to Men those things that were not to be seen, this judgment fell upon her for her Prophaness. They report that at Naples and several other places the like hath happen'd; not that the two Sexes of Man and Woman are really form'd by Nature in two several shapes (for that is impossible) but that Nature is deceiv'd in fashioning the Members of the Body to the amazement and deceit of—the beholders. We have therefore judg'd these strange Events which are brought down to us both by Writings and Traditions, worthy to be taken notice of, in respect both of their pleasure and profit to the readers. For many looking upon such things as these, as Monsters in Nature, are thereby infected with a kind of Superstition: Not only private Men but whole Cities and Nations. For it's reported that a little before the beginning of the Martian War, there dwelt an Italian near Rome, who having Marry'd such a one (as is before describ'd) complain'd to the Senate, upon which, they out of a fond Superstition, and perswaded thereunto by the Truscan Augures, order'd the Hermaphrodite to be burnt. And thus (they say) this poor Creature was most unjustly doom'd to destruction; and was ignorantly judg'd a Monster, because she had some resemblance of both Sexes. And not long after there happen'd the like at Athens; where the thing not being understood, (they say) the Man was burnt alive. Some there are that tell idle stories how that there are Hyaene (for so they call such as are both Men and Women) who have Carnal copulation one with another, according to each Sex by turns every other Year: When in truth there is no such thing. For although both Sexes have a peculiar and distinct nature without participation one with another, yet by a false formation the inconsiderate spectator may be impos'd upon. For to the Female (which is naturally such) is join'd something like unto a Mans Yard, and so on the other hand to the natural Male, something like to the privy parts of a Woman. The same reason holds in all kind of living Creatures, there being many and various sorts of prodigious Births; but such as never receive any nourishment, nor can ever come to any perfection. But what hath been said, may suffice for the reforming this superstition.
Frag. 2. They say that the Walls of Carthage were 40 Cubits high, and 22 broad But tho' they were so, yet the Roman Valour and Engines were too strong for all their Defences and Fortifications, for the City was taken and raz'd to the ground.
Frag. 3. Manasses (called Masinissa by the Latines) who Reign'd in Africk, and was always a Friend to the Roman, lived Ninety years in strength, and firm health, and left Ten Sons behind him when he dy'd, whom he committed to the Care and Guardianship of the Romans. He was of a strong Body, and from a Child inur'd to hardship: in what ever business he was engag'd, he would keep close to it all the day immoveable; he would never rise from his seat till night, spending the whole day in laborious Projects Page 726 and Contrivances. When he was once on Horseback he would ride continually night and day, and never be weary. A great instance of the health and strength of his Body, was, That when he was almost 90 years of age, he had a Son but 4 years old, yet of a very strong Body. He was so extraordinarily given to Husbandry, that he left to every one of his Sons 10000 Plethras of Land, Adorn'd with all manner of delightful Improvements, and Instruments necessary for that purpose. He Reign'd with great commendation 60 years.
Fragment 4, Nicomedes after he had routed his Father Prusias, and forc'd him to fly to the Temple of Jupiter for shelter, there kill'd him, and by that wicked and bloody Murther got possession of the Kingdom of Bythinia.
Fragment 5, The Lusitanians at first not having an expert General, were easily vanquish'd by the Romans; but after Viriathus became their General, they did them much mischief. He was of them that inhabited the Sea-coasts, a Shepheard upon the Mountains from his Childhood; By nature of an healthful Constitution, in strength and agility of Body far exceeding all the Iberians. For he had inur'd himself to a sparing Diet, much Labour and Toil, and to no more sleep than was absolutely necessary. He likewise continually carry'd Iron weapons, and was famous for his Conflicts both with wild Beasts and Robbers, and at length was made General; upon which a whole drove of Thieves and Rogues on the sudden flock'd about him. Being very successful in many Battles, he was not only admir'd for his other Excellencies, but likewise for his Military Conduct. Besides, in distribution of the spoils he was very just, allotting to every Man proportionable to his Merits and Deserts. Still proceeding and prospering he approv'd himself to be a Prince, rather than a Thief and a Robber. He fought several Battles with the Romans and came off Conqueror, insomuch as he routed Vitilius the Roman General, broke his Army and took him prisoner, and then put him to death. And many other brave Exploits he perform'd, till Fabius was appointed to go out as General against him, and from that time he began to decline. But not long after rallying his Men, and bravely managing the matter against Fabius, he forc'd him to Terms dishonourable to the Roman Name, But Coepio who was afterwards General against Viriathus, slighted all the former Conditions as of no effect, and often routed Viriathus, whom (now being reduc'd to those straits, as that he su'd for terms of Peace) he caus'd to be treacherously assassinated by some of his own Servants: and striking a Terror into Tantalus his Successor, and all his Army, he impos'd what Terms and Conditions he pleas'd upon them, and in the conclusion gave them the City and Land about for their Habitation.
Fragm. 1. KIng * Antiochus Besieg'd Jerusalem. But the Jews stood it out for some time: But when all their Provision was spent, they were forc'd to send Ambassadors to him, to treat upon Terms. Many of his Friends perswaded him to Storm the City, and to root out the whole Nation of the Jews; For that they only of all People, hated to Converse with any of another Nation, and treated them all as Enemies: And they suggested to him that their Ancestors were driven out of Aegypt, as impious and hateful to the Gods: For their Bodies being overspread, and infected with the Itch and Leprosie, (by way of expiation) they got them together, and as prophane and wicked wretches, expell'd them out of their Coasts: And that those who were thus expell'd, seated themselves about Jerusalem, and being after imbodyed into one Nation (call'd the Nation of the Jews) their hatred of all other Men descended with their Blood to Posterity. And therefore they made strange Laws, and quite different from other People: Never will Eat or Drink with any of another Nation, or wish them any prosperity. For said they, Antiochus surnam'd Epiphanes having subdu'd the Jews, entred into the Temple of God, into which none was to enter by their Law but the Priest; in which when he found the Image of a Man with a long Beard, carv'd in Stone sitting upon an Ass, he took it to be Moses who built Jerusalem, and settled the Nation, and establish'd by Law all their wicked Customs and Practices, abounding in hatred and enmity to all other Men. Antiochus therefore abhorring this their contrariety to all other People, us'd his utmost endeavour to abrogate their Laws. To that end he sacrific'd a great Swine at the Image of Moses, and at the Altar of God that stood in the outward Court, and sprinkled them with the blood of the Sacrifice. He commanded likewise that the Sacred Books, whereby they were taught to hate all other Nations, should be besprinkled with the Broth made of the Swines flesh: And he put out the Lamp (call'd by them Immortal) which was ever burning Page 727 in the Temple. Lastly he forc'd the high Priest and the other Jews to eat Swines flesh When Antiochus his Friends had debated and considered of these things, they were very earnest with him to root out the whole Nation, or at least that he would abrogate their Laws, and compel them to change their former manner of living and conversation. But the King being of a generous Spirit, and mild disposition receiv'd Hostages, and pardon'd the Jews: But demolish'd the Walls of Jerusalem, and took the Tribute that was due.
2. The Affairs of Sicily after the overthrow of—Carthage—having continu'd succesful and prosperous for the space of 60 Years; at length broke out the servile War upon the following occasions. The Sicilians (through the enjoyment of a long Peace) being grown very Rich, brought up abundance of Slaves; who being driven in Droves like so many Herds of Cattle from the several places where they were Bred and brought up, were stigmatiz'd with certain Marks burnt into their Bodies: Those that were Young, they us'd for Shepherds, others for such services as they had occasion. But their Masters were very rigid and severe with them, and took no care to provide either necessary food, or raiment for them, insomuch as that most of them were forc'd to Rob and Steal, to get necessaries: So that all places were full of slaughters and murders, as if an Army of Thieves and Robbers had been dispers'd all over the Island. The Governours of the Provinces (to say the truth) did what they could to suppress them: But because they durst not punish them, in regard their Masters (who had the sole Command and Power over their Servants) were Rich, and Men in Authority, every Governor in his several Province was forc'd to connive at the thefts and rapines that were committed. For many of the Masters being Roman Knights, and Judges of the accusations (brought before the Praetors) were a Terror even to the Governors themselves. The Slaves therefore being in this distress, and vilely beaten and scourg'd beyond all reason, were now resolv'd not to bear any longer. Therefore meeting together from time to time as they had opportunity, they consulted how to free themselves from the Yoke of Servitude they lay under, till at length they really executed what they had before agreed upon. There was a Syrian a Servant of Antigenes of Enna, born in the City of * Apanea a Magitian and Conjurer: He pretended to tell future Events (or Fortunes) discover'd to him as he said by the Gods in his Dreams, and impos'd upon many by this kind of practice. Then he proceeded further, and not only foretold things to come, reveal'd to him in Dreams, but pretended that he saw the Gods when he was awake, and they declar'd to him what was to come to pass. And tho' he thus juggled, and play'd the fool, yet by chance many things afterwards prov'd true. And whereas those things which never happen'd, were by none censur'd, but those which did come to pass were every where applauded, he grew more and more into esteem. At length by some trick of Art or other, he would breath flames of Fire out at his Mouth as from a burning Lamp, and so would prophecy as if he had been at that time inspir'd by Apollo. For he put Fire with some combustible marter to feed it, into a Nut-shell or some such thing bor'd through on both sides, then putting it into his Mouth, and forcing his Breath, upon it there would issue out both sparks and flames of Fire. Before the defection, this Juggler boasted that the Goddess Syria had appear'd to him, and told him that he should Reign, and this he declar'd not only to others but often to his own Master. The thing being become a common jest and subject of laughter, Antigenes was so taken with this jest, and ridiculous conceit of the Man, he took Eunus (for so he was call'd) with him to Feasts and Repasts, and several questions being put to him concerning the Kingdom, he was ask'd how he would deal with every one that was there present at the Table: He readily went on with his story, and told them that he would be very kind to his Masters, and like a Conjurer using many monstrous Magical terms, and expressions, he set all the Guests a laughing, upon which some of them as a reward gave him large Messes from the Table, desiring him to remember their kindness when he came to his Kingdom: But all this jesting came at length really to end in the advancing of him to the Kingdom; and all those who at the Feasts by way of ridicule had been kind to him, he rewarded in earnest.
But the beginning of the defection was in this manner, There was one Damophilus of Enna, a Man by reason of his Wealth, of a great Spirit, but of a proud and haughty disposition. This Man above all measure was cruel and severe to his Servants; and his Wife Megallis strove to exceed her Husband in all kind of cruelty and inhumanity towards the Slaves. Upon this, they that had been thus cruelly us'd, were inrag'd like wild Beasts, and plotted together to rise in Arms and cut the Throats of their Masters. To this end they appli'd themselves to Eunus, and desir'd to know of him whether the Gods would succeed them in their design. He incouraging them declar'd that they should prosper in what they had in hand, using (according to his former manner) Conjuring Page 728 words and expressions, and charging them to be speedy in their Execution. Whereupon they forthwith rais'd a Body of 400 Slaves, and upon the first opportunity (oh a sudden) broke in Arm'd into the City Enna, led by their Captain Eunus, by his juggling tricks, flaming out Fire at his Mouth. Then entring the Houses, they made so great a slaughter, as that they spar'd not even the sucking Children, but pluckt them violently from their Mothers Breasts and dash'd them against the Ground: It cannot be express'd how vilely and filthily (for the satisfying of their Lusts) they us'd Mens Wives in the very presence of their Husbands. With these Villains join'd a multitude of Slaves that were in the City, and first executed their rage and cruelty upon their Masters, and then fell a murdering others.
In the mean time Eunus heard that Damophilus and his Wife were in some Orchards near the City, he sent therefore some of his rabble thither, who brought them with their Hands ty'd upon their Backs, loading them all along the Way as they past with scoffs and scorns; only they declar'd that they would be kind in every respect to his Daughter, for her pity and compassion towards the Servants, and her readiness always to be helpful to them. They that were sent for Damophilus and Megallis his Wife to the City, brought them into the Theatre, whither all the Rabble that made a defection flockt. There Damophilus pleading earnestly for his Life, and moving many with what he said, Hermias and Zexis loaded him with many bitter accusations, and call'd him a Cheat and Dissembler; and not waiting what would be determin'd by the People concerning him, the one ran him through with a Sword, and the other cut of his Head with an Ax. Then they made Eunus King, not for his Valour or Skill in Martial affairs, but upon the account of his extraordinary Art in Juggling, and that he was the Head and Author of the Defection, and for that his Name seem'd to portend and to be a good Omen, that he would be kind to his Subjects. Being therefore made General (with absolute Power) to order and dispose of all things as he pleas'd, an Assembly was call'd, and he put all the Prisoners to death except such as were skilful in making of Arms, whom he forth with set on Work; as for Megallis he delivered her up to the will of the Women Slaves, to take their revenge of her as they thought fit: Who after they had whipp'd and tormented her, threw her down a steep precipice. And Eunus himself kill'd his own Master Antigenes and Pytho. At length putting the Crown upon his Head, and grac'd with all the Ensigns of Royalty, he caus'd his Wife (who was a Syrian, and of the same City) to be own'd as Queen, and chose such as he judg'd to be most prudent to be of his privy Council. Amongst whom was one Achaeus by Name, and an Achaean by Nation, a wise Man and a good Soldier: Having therefore got together in the space of Three days above 6000 Men, Arm'd with what they could by any ways or means lay their Hands upon, and being join'd with others, who were all surnish'd either with Axes, Hatchets, Slings, Bills, or Stakes sharppen'd and burnt at one End, or with Spits, he ravag'd and made spioil all over the Country. And being at length join'd with an infinite number of Slaves, they grew to that height and boldness as to engage in a War with the Roman Generals: And often in several Battles got the Victory, by overpowr'ing them with Number; having now with him above 10000 Men.
In the mean time, one Cleon a Cilicean was the Author of another desection of the Slaves, and now all were in hopes that this unruly Rabble would fall together by the Ears one with another, and so Sicily would be rid of them through the mutual slaughters and destructions amongst themselves. But contrary to all Mens hopes and expectations, they join'd Forces together; and Cleon was observant in every thing to the Commands of Eunus, and serv'd General under him as his Prince, having 5000 Men of his own Soldiers. Thirty days were now expir'd since the first beginning of this Rebellion: And presently after a Battle was fought with Lucius Hypsius (who coming from Rome Commanded 8000 Sicilians) in which Fight the Rebels got the day, who were then 20000, and in a very short time after, their Army increas'd to 200000 Men. And although they fought with the Romans themselves, yet they often came off Conquerors, and were very seldom beaten. This being nois'd abroad, a defection began at Rome by 150 Slaves that conspir'd against the Government. The like in Attica by 1000, the like at Delos and many other Places. But those in the several Places (who had intrusted their Concerns in their Hands) to prevent the mischief from growing further, made a quick dispatch, and fell upon them on the sudden, and put them all to death, and so those that remain'd and were ready to break out into Rebellion, were reduc'd to more sound and sober thoughts.
But in Sicily the disorders more and more increas'd: For Cities were taken, and their Inhabitants made Slaves, and many Armies were cut off by the Rebells, until Page 729 such time as Rupilius the Roman General recover'd Tauromenium, after the Besieg'd had been reduc'd to that extremity of Famine (by a sharp and close Siege) as that they began to eat their own Children, and the Men their Wives; and at length Butcher'd one another for Food. There he took Comanus the Brother of Cleon, who was endeavouring to escape out of the City while it was besieg'd. At last Sarapion a Syrian, having betray'd the Cittadel, all the Fugitives fell into his hands, whom having first scourg'd, he afterwards crucified. Thence he march'd to Enna, and by a long Siege reduc'd them into such straits, as that there was no hopes left to escape. Afterwards having slain Cleon their General (who had made a Sally out of the City and fought lik a Hero) he expos'd his Body to open view; and not long after this City likewise was betray'd into his Hands, which otherwise could never have been taken by force, by reason of the natural Strength of the Place. And as for Eunus, he like a Coward fled with 600 of his Guards to the tops of certain high Rocks, where those that were with him (foreseeing their inevitabe ruin, for Rupilius pursued them close) cut one anothers Throats. But Eunus the juggling King (out of fear) hid himself in some Caves, he had found out for that purpose; whence he was pluckt out with four others of his Gang, viz. his Cook, his Barber, he that rubb'd him in the Bath, and he that in the midst of his Cups was his Jester. To conclude he was thrown into the Goal, and there eaten up of Lice, and so ended his days at * Morgantina by a death worthy the former wickedness of his Life. Rupilius afterwards with a small body of Men, (marching all over Sicily) presently clear'd the Country of Theeves and Robbers. This Eunus King of the Robbers call'd himself Antiochus, and all his followers Syrians.
ABout the time that Marius in a great Battle routed Bocchus and Jugurtha, the African Kings, and slew many thousands of the Africans, and afterwards took Jugurtha himself (deliver'd up to him by Bocchus, to gain favour and pardon from the Romans for his making War upon them,) the Romans themselves were in great perplexity by reason of the many losses they had sustain'd by the Cimbrians, who then ravag'd and harrass'd all the Countrey of Gall. And in further aggravation of what they suffer'd, at the very same time came some out of Sicily, who gave an account of many thousand Slaves that were there risen up in Arms. Whereupon the whole Roman Commonwealth was in such straits, that they knew not which way to turn themselves, having lost 60000 Men in Gall, in the War against the Cimbrians, and they had not then Soldiers sufficient for a new Expedition. And besides, (before the Rebellion of the Slaves in Sicily) there were Defections that disturb'd—the State in Italy; but they were short and inconsiderable, as if God had appointed these for Omens and Presages of the great Rebellion in Sicily. The first rising was at Nusiaeria, where 30. Servants entred into a Conspiracy, but they were presently executed. The second was at Capua where 200 were got up in Arms, but they were likewise in a short time supprest. The third hapned after a strange manner, which was thus, there was one Titus Minutius a Roman Knight, who had a very rich Man to his Father, he chanc'd to fall in Love with another Man's Servant who was very beautiful, and having enjoy'd her, he was the more wonderfully inflam'd, and even to Madness, insomuch as he would needs buy her of her Master; who being with much ado prevail'd with to part with her, the Lover at length bought her for Seven * Attick Talents, and li¦mited a certain time for the payment of the Money, to which time the greatness of his Fathers Estate procur'd him Credit: But now, when the day of payment was come, he had not the Money then ready, but pray'd forbearance for 30 days longer. That time being run up, the Creditor demanded then his Money, but the Lover knew not how to perform his Word, and yet his Love continu'd still as hot as ever. At length a wicked design came into his Head, which put him on to lay a trap for them that demanded the Money, and to that end to take upon him the state and dignity of a Monarch. To which purpose he bought 500 Arms of all sorts, and appointed a day for payment; and being trusted, withdrawing himself privately into a certain Field, he stirr'd up his own Slaves to a defection to the number of 400; and putting on the Diadem and Purple, and assuming all the other Badges and Ensigns of Royalty, declar'd himself King, the deliverer of the Slaves. In the first place he caus'd all those who demanded the Money he had given for the young Woman to be scourg'd, and then cut off their Heads. Then he entred the Page 730 next Towns with his arm'd Slaves, and those that came readily to join with him, he furnish'd with Arms, and kill'd all that oppos'd him. Having in a short time got together above 700, he divided them into Companies; and then Fortifying and Intrenching himself, he receiv'd all the Slaves that ran away from their Masters. The Rebellion being nois'd at Rome, the Senate (by the help of prudent advice) gave a stop to the mischief, and happily supprest it.
The care and management of the business for the reducing and punishing of the fugitive Slaves was committed to Lucius Lucullus, who was the only General that was then in the City, who rais'd 600 Men in Rome, and with them the same day march'd to Capua, where he listed 4000 Foot, and 400 Horse. When Minutius heard with what speed Lucullus was making towards him, he possess'd himself of a strong Hill, having with him 3500 Men. In the first Engagement the Fugitives by the advantage of the higher Ground got the better, afterwards Lucullus brib'd Apollonius Minutius his General, to betray his Confederates; withall promising him upon the security of the publick Faith, that he should have his pardon. Whereupon he set upon the Work, and seizing of Minutius, he (to avoid the punishment he fear'd for his Rebellion) ran himself through the Body; the rest were all presently cut off except Apellonius: And these were Prologues to that great Defection in Sicily, whose beginning was thus occasion'd: In the expedition of Marius against the Cimbrians, the Senate had given a Commission to raise Men out of the Countries beyond the Seas; to which end Marius sent Ambassadors to Nicomedes King of Bithynia to help him with some Men. But he return'd answer that most of the Bithynians were violently taken away for Slaves by the Publicans, and were dispers'd here and there through the Provinces. Upon which the Senate decreed, That no Freeman belonging to any of the Roman Allies should in any Province be forc'd to be Servants or Slaves, and that the Proconsuls should take care to see them all set free. In pursuance of this Order Licinius Nerva then Praetor in Sicily (having first consulted with the Judges) manumitted so many, as that in a few days above 800 were set at Liberty. So that all the Slaves in Sicily were hereby presently incourag'd, and grew high Crested in hopes of liberty. The Magistrates therefore address'd themselves to the Praetor or Proconsul, and desir'd him to forbear making any more free. Hereupon he (whether brib'd or to curry favour) laid aside the former determination of the Judges, and with checks and foul words, sent them that came to him to be made free back to their Masters. Upon this the Servants enter'd into a Conspiracy; and after they came from Syracuse, and were got together at the grove of Palicum, they consulted concerning their intended Rebellion. This boldness of the Slaves began to make a noise in many places of the Island: Amongst others 30 Servants of two rich Brothers in the Countrey of the Anycillians were the first that appear'd for their liberty, whose Leader was one Varius. These in the first place kill'd their Masters, when they were asleep in their Beds. Then away they went to the next Towns, and stirr'd up all the Servants and Slaves there to appear for the gaining of their liberty, of whom came in flocking to them in that one Night, to the number of 120 and upwards. Upon this they possess'd themselves of a place naturally strong of it self, which they endeavour'd to make stronger by art and labour, where 80 more well armed came in to them. Licinius Nerva hastens out against them with a purpose to put a stop to their Ravages, but all his labour was in vain. Seeing therefore that the Place was not to be taken by force, he sought how to gain it by Treachery: For he had private Correspondence with one Caius Titinius sirnam'd Gadaeus, whom he wrought upon to be the Instrument of accomplishing his design, promising him safety and protection. This Man had been condemn'd to dye two Years before, but had made an escape, and had Robb'd and Murther'd many Freemen in that Province, but never in the least injur'd any Servant. Titinius with a great Body of Slaves came to this Fort where the Rebels had posted themselves, as if he design'd to join with them in making War upon the Romans: Who being willingly and kindly receiv'd by them, and for his Valour made their General, he at length betray'd the Fort, upon which some of the Rebels were kill'd in Fight, and the lest out of fear of what they should suffer, if they were taken Prisoners, threw themselves down headlong from the top of the Rock. And in this manner was the first rising of the Slaves supprest.
But the Soldiers were no sooner got to their Quarters, but news was brought that about 80 Slaves had caus'd a Tumult to be rais'd, and had cut the Throat of Publius Cloni¦us a Roman Knight, and that now their number was much increas'd. And to aggravate the matter the Praetor being ill advis'd, had disbanded most of his Army, by reason whereof he was so slow, that he gave time to the Rebels the more to strengthen themselves. However he march'd out against them, with those he then had. As soon as Page 731 he pass'd the River Alba he turn'd aside from the Fugitives, who were then lodg'd upon Mount Caprianus, and arrived at Heraclea. Upon this, a Report being spread of the Cowardice of the General as if he durst not attack them, very many Slaves were encouraged to join in the Defection: Many therefore flocking in (furnishing themselves as well as they could for a Battel) there were above 800 in Seven days time that took up Arms. And presently after they amounted to 2000. But the General at Heraclea being inform'd that their number was increasing, sent Marcus Titinius as chief Commander against them, inforcing him with 600 Men out of the Forts at Enna. This Titinius fought the Rebels, who (having the advantage both of Place and Number) routed him and kill'd many of his Men, and the rest threw away their Arms, and with much difficulty saved themselves by flight. By this means the Runagades on a sudden got such a great number of Arms, that they were more firmly resolved to persist in their Rebellion, so that now most of the Slaves were in Arms. The Defection every day increasing, the Number amounted in a short time so high, as none ever suspected it could, insomuch that within a few Days they were above 6000; who having now call'd a Council of War, and debated Matters in reference to the Management of Affairs, in the first place they chose a King call'd Salvius, a Fortune-teller, and one that in the Womens Sports and Shews with his Pipes, acted the Part of a Fool and Madman. But having now gain'd a Kingdom, he wav'd living in Cities, as being the Nurseries of Sloth and Effeminateness. After, he divided the Army into three Bodies; over each of which he appointed a Captain, and order'd them to make Inroads up and down in the Country, and at a certain Time and Place all to join again in one Body. By these Depredations they were so full of Horses and other Cattel, that in a short time they had above 2000 Horse, and no less than 20000 Foot, but Men very Raw and Ignorant in Martial Affairs. Among other attempts they fell upon Morgantina with great Fury (which was a strong and well-fortify'd City) and made many fierce and continual Assaults upon it.
The Roman General marching out in the Night as if he would relieve the City (having with him about 10000 Men out of Italy and Sicily) surpriz'd the Rebels (busily employ'd in the Siege) on a sudden; and breaking into their Camp, found but slender Guards but a great number of Prisoners, and abundance of Plunder of all sorts, and with great ease made himself Master of all, and when he had rifled the Camp he march'd away towards Morgantina: But the Rebels turning back upon him with great Fury, and having the advantage of the higher Ground, soon routed him, and put all his Army to flight. Whereupon the Rebells King commanded Proclamation to be made, That none should be kill'd who threw away their Arms: Upon which most cast them away and fled. By this means Salvius both recover'd what he had lost in his Camp, and gain'd a glorious Victory and much Spoil; but there were not kill'd of the Italians and Sicilians above 600 (which was occasion'd by the Moderation of the King) but 4000 were taken Prisoners. Upon this Victory many coming in flocking to Salvius, his Army became double to what it was before, and he was now absolute Master of the Field, so that he again sat down before Morgantina, and proclaim'd Liberty to all the Servants that were there. But their Masters promising the same to them, if they would be Faithful and join with them in the Defence of the Place, they chose rather to accept of what was offer'd by their Masters, and fought with that Resolution, that they forced the Enemy to raise their Siege. But the General afterwards making void all that was promised (as to manumitting of the Servants) occasion'd many to run away to the Rebels. After this all the Slaves and Servants in the Territories of Aegista Lilybaeum were likewise infected with this Itch of Rebellion, whose Leader was one Athenio, a Valiant Man and a Cilicean. This Man having the Charge and Management of the Concerns of two rich Brothers, and being an Excellent Astrologer; He first wrought upon those to join with him, over whom he had some sort of Command, to the Number of 200; afterwards those that were bordering round about, so that in Five days time there were got together above 1000 who made him King, and plac'd the Diadem upon his Head. This Man resolv'd to order Matters and Affairs so as never any did before him: For he receiv'd not all promiscuously that came in to him, but only such as were of strong and healthful Bodies to bear Arms; the rest he forc'd to continue in the Stations they were in, and every one in his place diligently to apply himself to the Duty incumbent upon him. By which means those that were with him had plentiful Provision. He pretended that by the Stars the Gods foretold, That he should gain the whole Kingdom of Sicily: And therefore he was to spare spoiling of the Country, destruction of the Cattel and Fruits of the Earth, as being all his own. At length having now got together above 10000 Men, he was so daring as to besiege Lilybeum, a City for strength look'd upon to be impregnable. But finding it a vain thing to proceed, he desisted Page 732 from his Design, pretending he did it by Command from the Gods, by whom he was told, That if they continu'd the Siege, they would certainly fall into some sudden Misfortune.
Accordingly, while he was preparing to draw off from the City, a Fleet of Moors entred the Harbour, who were sent to the Assistance of them of Lilybeum, under the Command of one call'd Gomon, who in the Night surprizing Athenio's Army, (now marching off and leaving the Siege) kill'd a great number of them, and wounded as many, and so got into the Town. This was the occasion that his former Prediction was highly admir'd and cry'd up by the Rebells.
At the same time great Disorders, and all sorts of Calamities overspread all Sicily. For not only Servants but Freemen that were reduc'd to Poverty, committed all sorts of Rapines and acts of Wickedness: For they shamefully kill'd all before them, whether Bond or Free, that none might be left to tell Tales; so that they that were in the Cities scarce enjoy'd any thing that was their own, though it were with them within the Walls: But as for that which was without, all was swallow'd up and violently seiz'd on, as a Prey taken from a Common Enemy. Many other things against all the Laws of Humanity were impudently committed by many throughout all Sicily.
Salvius likewise, he who had besieg'd Morgantina, after he had harrass'd all the Country, as far as to the Territories of Leontium, there mustered his Army, consisting of above 30000 Fighting Men. Then Sacrificing to the Heroes of Italy, he Dedicated one of the Royal Purple Robes, in gratitude for his Victories. And now he caus'd himself to be proclaim'd King, and was call'd by the Rebells Tryphon; having a design to possess himself of Tricala, and there to build a Palace, he sent to Athenio, and as King commanded him as General to repair to him. Every Man then thought that Athenio would endeavour to gain the Sovereignty for himself, and by that means the Rebels would be divided, and so a speedy period would be put to the War. But Fortune so order'd the Matter, that the Armies of the Fugitives being thus increas'd, the two Generals were Unanimous, and agreed very well one with another. For Tryphon march'd speedily with his Army to Tricala, and Athenio came thither to him with 3000 Men, in every thing observing the Commands of Tryphon as his King. Athenio had sent the rest abroad to harrass and spoil the Country, and to bring over as many as they could to join with them in the Defection. But not long after, Tryphon suspected that Athenio had a design to supplant him, and therefore he caus'd him to be seiz'd betime. The Castle that was well fortify'd before, he made more strong, and adorn'd it likewise with many stately Buildings. After which (they say) it was call'd Tricala, because it was Remarkable and Famous for three things, First for Springs of excellent sweet Water. Secondly for Vineyards, and Olive yards, and rich Lands for Tillage. And Thirdly, That it was a Place impregnable, built upon an high and inaccessible Rock. After he had drawn a Line of eight Stages round about it for the building of a City, and had compass'd it in with a deep Trench, he made it the Seat-Royal, being a Place abounding in Plenty and Fatness of all things necessary for Man's Life. He likewise built there a stately Palace and a Market-place, capable to receive a vast Number of Men. He chose likewise a competent Number of the most prudent Men to be of his Council, and made use of them for Administration of Justice. Moreover, whenever he sate in the Courts of Justice, he put on a long Gown edg'd with Purple, and a Coat pouder'd with large Studds of Purple. Lastly, He appointed Lictors with Rods and Axes to go before him, and took care that all other Ensigns and Badges of Royalty should be observed.
At length Lucius Licinius Lucullus was chosen General by the Senate at Rome to go against the Rebels, who had with him 14000 Romans and Italians, 1800 Bithynians, Thessalians, and Acharnans; and out of Lucania 600 under the Command of one Cleptius, an Expert and Valiant Soldier, and 600 from other Places, in the whole amounting to 17000. With this Army he entred Sicily. Upon this Tryphon releas'd Athenio, and advis'd with him how to manage the War against the Romans. Tryphon was of Opinion, that it was the safest way to continue in Tricala, and there expect the Enemy: But Athenio advis'd rather to draw out and fight in the open Field, than to suffer themselves to be besieg'd; whose Counsel prevailing, they march'd out and Encamp'd near Scirthaea, with no fewer than 40000 Men, twelve Furlongs distant from the Roman Camp. At first the Armies employ'd themselves every day in light Skirmishes; but at length they Engag'd, and while Victory seem'd to incline sometime to one side, and sometime to another, and many fell on both sides. Athenio came on with 200 choice Horse, and cover'd the Ground round about him with the Bodies of his Enemies. But being wounded in both his Knees, and Page 733 then receiving a Third, he was wholly disabled for Fight, which so discouraged the Rebels, that they fled outright. Athenio lay conceal'd, as if he were Dead, and feign'd himself so till Night came, and then stole away. The Romans having now gain'd a glorious Victory, forc'd Tryphoh himself to take to his heels, and in the pursuit kill'd at least 20000 Men. The rest by the advantage of the Night got to Tricala, though the General might easily have cut them all off, if he would have continu'd the Pursuit. Upon this rout they were now all so discourag'd, that it was mov'd amongst them that they should return to their Masters, and submit themselves wholly to their Power and Pleasure: But those who advis'd to stand it out to the last, and not to give up their Lives to the Lusts of their Enemies, prevail'd above the other.
Nine days after the Roman General besieg'd Tricala, but after several slaughters on both sides he was forc'd to draw off and leave the Place. Upon this the Rebels got heart, and the General on the other side (either through Sloath and Negligence, or Corrupted by Bribes) minded nothing to the Discharge of his Duty, for which afterwards he gave an account to the Romans. Neither did Caius Servilius, who succeeded Lucullus, do any thing worth remembring, and therefore he was brought to Judgment (as Lucullus was before) and banish'd. In the mean time Tryphon dy'd, and Athenio enjoy'd the Kingdom. And what with taking of Cities, and wasting and spoiling the Country (without Controul or any Opposition from Servilius) he got together a great deal of rich Booty and Plunder. But the year after Caius Marius being chosen at Rome the Fifth time Consul, and with him Caius Aquillius; Aquillius was made General against the Rebels, and his Valour so far advanc'd his Success, that he wholly overcame them in a great Battel: And like an Heroe fought Hand to Hand with Athenio the King of the Rebels, and kill'd him, but receiv'd himself a wound in the Head. And now he resolv'd to prosecute the War against the rest that remain'd who were about 10000, who though they fled to their Defences, (as not being able to stand before him) yet Aquillius slacken'd not his Resolution in the least, but pursu'd his design till he had wholly broke them. There remain'd now only 1000 led by Satyrus, whom at first he determin'd to reduce by Force: But when they made their Submission by their Commissioners, for the present he remitted their Faults, but after they were brought Prisoners to Rome he order'd them to fight with wild Beasts, where it's reported that they ended their Lives with great gallantry and nobleness of Mind, for they scorn'd to fight with Beasts, but thrust one another through at the publick Altars: And after all were dead, Satyrus being the last, with an Heroick Spirit kill'd himself. And this was the Tragical End of the Servants War, after it had continu'd almost Four years.
Eclog. 2. ONE Battaces, Priest of the Goddess Rhea (they say) came to Rome from Pesinunte a City of Phrygia; who declar'd he came thither by the Com¦mand of the Goddess; and told the Magistrates and Senate, that their Temple was prophan'd, and that a publick Expiation ought to be made in the name of the Romans. His Habit and other Ornaments of his Body was very strange, and altogether unusual at Rome; for he wore a Crown or Mitre of a vast Bigness, and a Flower'd Gown imbroider'd with Gold, representing the State and Dignity of a King. After he had spoken to the People from the Bench, and instructed them in the Matters of Religion, he was honour'd with publick Entertainments, and large Gifts and Presents: But he was forbid to wear a Crown by Aulus Pompeius a Tribune of the People. However, being brought by another Tribune to the Desk, and being ask'd how the Expiatory Sacrifices should be made; his Answers were stuff'd with nothing but Superstitious Rites and Ceremonies. At length things were so manag'd that he was driven out by Pompeius his Faction, with many Scorns and Affronts; upon which he went to his Inn and never after appear'd abroad: But only told them, that not only he was disgrac'd, but the Goddess was reproach'd and dishonour'd. Presently after Pompeius fell into an high Feaver, and then a Quinsie which took away his Speech, and he dy'd the Third day. Upon which it was the common Discourse and Sentiment amongst the ordinary sort, that he was thus punish'd by a Divine Hand, for his prophane and impious abuse of the Goddess and her Priest. For the Romans are addicted to Superstition much above many other Nations: And therefore Battaces being honour'd with many Presents, and Liberty granted to him to wear his Sacred Vestments, with all their Ornaments, the day he had design'd for his departure, he was conducted by multitudes both of Men and Women out of the City.
Eclog. 3. IT was a Custom amongst the Roman Soldiers, That if any Commander of an Army fought a Battle and kill'd above 6000 of the Enemy, he was term'd Emperor, which is the same with King among the Grecians.
THE Marsian War took its name from the Authors of the Defection, tho' the Italians generally made this War upon the Romans. It's said the first occasion of this arose from the profuseness and luxury the Romans were fall'n into, who were formerly frugal and sparing in their way of living. This alteration caus'd great Heart-burnings between the Commonalty and the Senate. For when the Senate prevail'd with the Italians to supply the City with Provisions, and upon their frequent Addresses had promis'd to enfranchise them, and make them Freemen of Rome, and to ratify it by a Law, and the Italians saw nothing perform'd that was promis'd; these were the sparks that at length broke forth into a flame at the time when Lucius Martius, Philippus and Sextus Julius were Consuls in the 117th Olympiad.
Many were the Slaughters, Sieges, and Sacking of Towns on both sides during this War, Victory hovering sometimes here and sometimes there, as uncertain where to fall, giving no assurance to either party, which of them she favour'd. But at length after the shedding of much Blood, the Romans (with much ado) got the better, and regain'd their former Power and Sovereignty. There were engag'd against them in this War the Samnites, the Asculans, Lucanans, Picentians, them of Nola, and other Cities and Nations. Amongst which was Cortinum a large and famous City greatly frequented, in which the Italians had a little before planted a Colony. Here were all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a City, and the maintenance of the Government; particularly a large Market-place and Court-House, with a vast Treasure, and plentiful Provisions of all sorts. They had likewise a Senate consisting of 500 Men. Out of which were chosen those reputed fit to execute the highest places of Magistracy, and to manage the weighty Affairs of the Commonwealth. These therefore they entrusted with the management of the War, and put the absolute power of the disposing of all their concerns into the hands of the Senators, who made a Law that Two Consuls should be chosen every year, and Twelve Generals. At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo a Marsian, (a Man of chiefest quality in his Country,) and Caius Aponius Motulus (famous for his noble Acts above the rest of his own Nation.) were chosen Consuls. They divided all Italy into Two Parts, and took either of their equal shares for the executing of their Consular Authority. They allotted the Region or Tract from the Cercoli (so call'd) to the Adriatick Sea, which lay to the North and West to Pompaedius, to six of the Generals. The rest which lay to the South and East the Italians assign'd to Motulus, with as many more of the Military Officers. Having put all things into this good Order, and (to sum up all) having order'd all things according to the ancient Model of the Roman Government, they set themselves more intently and earnestly to the prosecuting of the War, and call'd the City it self Italy. And they were so successful, that they came off Conquerors for the most part, till Cneius Pompeius was made Consul and General, who with Sylla (deputed by Cato the other Consul) often routed them, and reduc'd them to those straits, that at length their Power was broken in pieces. However they still continu'd the War, but were often worsted by Caius Cossinius General in * Japygia. Being therefore distress'd and harass'd with so many and great mischiefs one upon the neck of another (and the Marsians and other Nations falling to the Romans) they forsook their new City, and transplanted themselves to Aesernia a City of the Samnites, under the conduct of Five Generals; of whom they made Quintus Pompoedius Chief, for his Valour and prudent management of the War, who with the consent of all the other Captains, rais'd a great Army, which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides, he got together at least 20000 Foot, and 1000 Horse of manumitted Slaves, and Arm'd them as well as the time would allow. And coming to an Engagement with the Romans, whose General was Mamercus; he kill'd a few of them, but lost above 6000 of his own Men.
Page 735 About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia, which had in it a great number of Soldiers, and carry'd away above 3000 prisoners. And now the Romans prevail'd every day more and more against their Enemies: So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates King of Pontus (who had then a brave and well appointed Army) to intreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans, by which means (they told him) that their Power would be easily broken: Mithridates answer'd, that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdu'd Asia, in order to which he was then engag'd. The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance, and of supplies of Money, were greatly discourag'd. For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining: and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola, and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius, who commanded those that were left of the Lucanians.
The Marsian War being now almost at an end, there arose again a great Sedition in Rome, by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility, every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates, stirr'd up thereunto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reap'd by that War. For Caius Julius, and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul, oppos'd one another, and the People on that occasion were divided, some for one and some for the other. There were likewise other disturbances about the same time. For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola, and so terrify'd many of the bordering Territories, with their Cities, that he forc'd them to the obedience of the Romans. But when Sylla was engag'd in the War in Asia against Mithridates, and Rome was fill'd with slaughters and intestine broils, Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia (not being able to take the strong City Aesias, after a long time they had lain before it) left part of their Army to maintain the Siege, and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium, in hopes that if they gain'd this place, they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily, and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun. But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrify'd the Italiots with the greatness of his Army, and his vast preparations, that they drew off from the Siege, and so the Rhegians were delivered. And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla, part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla, and most of them were kill'd in the War, and those that surviv'd all joyn'd with the Conqueror Scylla. And thus ended the Marsian War, and the greatest home-bred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans.
Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end, a Second great Sedition was rais'd in Rome, stirr'd up by Sylla, and Caius Marius a young Man, the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul. In this Commotion many thousands of Men perish'd: At length Sylla prevail'd, and being created Dictator, he call'd himself Epaphroditus; which vain glorious Title did not altogether deceive him, for he prosper'd all his life long, and dy'd a natural death after all his Victories. But Marius, altho' he behav'd himself with great Gallantry in the War against Sylla, being at length routed, fled with 15000 Men to Proeneste, where he was Besieg'd a long time; at length all having forsaken him, and seeing no way how to escape, he earnestly intreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that surrounded him. After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Masters Life, and then immediately kill'd himself. And so at length ended this Civil War. However, some relicks of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pursu'd it, with some others, were suppress'd.
But after these were all ruin'd and destroy'd, there broke out such a flame of Discord between Julius Caesar and Pompey who (for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans, partly by the Conduct of Sylla, and partly by his own Valour) was sirnam'd the Great, that the Romans were again involv'd in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries. And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle, he himself was afterwards Murther'd near Alexandria: and the unbounded power of the Consuls, being at length restrain'd and limited, fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself, and so ended the Sedition.
But when he was murther'd, another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murtherers, which was manag'd by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius, and Octavius Augustus. When this War was ended by dint of Sword, and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus, not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supream Power, broke out into an open War: And after much Blood spilt on Page 736 both sides, Augustus gain'd the Empire, which he held during his Life, having now wav'd his Consular Power and Dignity.
CINNA and Marius, calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and confirming of the Peace. At length they resolv'd to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were their Enemies, and who were most capable to make a disturbance and overturn all their Affairs, that so the Factious Party being purg'd out from among them, they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security, according to their own Will and Pleasure. Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside: Persons were proscrib'd and butcher'd in every place, without being heard. At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Triumph for his Victory over the Cimbri, and had more than an ordinary share in the Affections of the People, was accus'd by a Tribune of the People for a Capital Offence, who fearing the imminent hazard of the Calumny, made his application to Marius, to intreat him to interpose for his deliverance (for he had been his Friend formerly, but through some suspicion he then had of him he was become his Enemy;) But he answer'd him thus, Dy you must. Upon this, Catullus perceiving there was no hopes of his preservation, studied how to dye without disgrace; to which end he destroy'd himself by a strange and unusual way: For he shut himself up in a House new plaister'd, and caus'd a Fire to be kindled, by the smoak of which, and the moist vapours from the Lime, he was there stifled to death.
WE being about to write of the War against the Jews, we take it to be part of our Province, before we proceed further; First, in short to Declare the Original of this Nation, and their Laws. In Ancient times there hapned a great Plague in Aegypt, and many ascrib'd the cause of it to GOD, who was offended with them. For there being multitudes of Strangers of several Nations who inhabited there, who us'd their Foreign Rites and Ceremonies in the Administration of the Publick Sacrifices, the Ancient manner of worshipping of the Gods, us'd by the Ancestors of the Aegyptians, was quite lost and forgotten. Hence it was that the natural Inhabitants concluded, that unless all the Strangers were driven out, they should never be freed from their Miseries. Upon which they were all expell'd, and the most Valiant and Noble among them, under the Conduct of skilful Commanders (as some relate) after many great hardships came into Greece and other places, of whom amongst other Leaders, the most famous and remarkable were Danaus and Cadinus. But the greatest part of the People came into that Country, which is now call'd Judea, not far from Aegypt, and at that time altogether Desart and uninhabited. The Leader of this Colony was one Moses, a very wise and valiant Man, who after he had possess'd himself of the Country, amongst other Cities built that now most Famous City Jerusalem; and the Temple there, which is so greatly Reverenc'd among them. He then instituted the manner of GOD's Worship, and the Holy Rites and Ceremonies: and made Laws for the Government of the Common-wealth, and reduc'd them into a methodical Order. He divided the People into Twelve Tribes, as the most perfect number, as he conceiv'd; because answering the Twelve Months, which make up the whole Year: But he made no Representation or Image of the Gods, because he judg'd nothing of an Human Shape was applicable to GOD: But that this Heaven, which compass'd the Earth round, only was GOD, and that all things were in its power. But he so order'd the Rites and Ceremonies of the Sacrifices, and the manner and Rule of their Conversations, as that they should be wholly different from all other Nations. For (by reason of the Expulsion of his People) he commanded a most inhumane and unsociable Conversation. He pickt out likewise the greatest Persons of quality who were best able to Rule and Govern the People (then embodied into one Nation,) and them he created Priests; whose Duty and Office was continually to attend the Temple, and employ themselves in the publick Worship and Page 737 Service of God. He constituted them likewise to be Judges for the decision of the most weighty Causes, and committed to their Care the keeping and preservation of the Laws. Therefore they say that the Jews never had any King: but that the Care and Authority of Governing the People was always given to him, who excell'd the rest of the Priests in Prudence and Virtue, whom they call the Chief Priest: and him they always took to be the Messenger, and Interpreter to them of the Mind and Commands of GOD. And they say that he in all their Publick Assemblies and other Meetings, declares what he has in Command, and that upon that account the Jews are so observant, that forthwith they prostrate themselves upon the ground, and Adore him as the High Priest, and Interpreter to them of the Oracles of GOD. But in the close of the Laws this is subjoin'd, Moses theMessenger of God thus saith to the Jews. This Law-giver likewise laid down many prudent and excellent Rules and Instructions for Martial Affairs, and inur'd the Youth to endure hardship and difficulties, and to exercise Patience in all Miseries and Distresses. Moreover, he undertook many Wars against the neighbouring Nations, and gain'd many large Territories by force of Arms, and gave them as an Inheritance to his Countrymen, in such manner, as that every one shar'd alike, saving the Priests who had a larger proportion than the rest, that having more, they might continualy attend upon the publick Worship of GOD without distraction. Neither was it lawful for any Man to sell his Inheritance allotted him, lest by the Covetousness of them that buy, others should become poor, and so the Nation should be depopulated. He order'd likewise the Inhabitants to be careful in the Educating of their Children, who are brought up with very little Cost and Charge, and by that means the Jewish Nation was always populous. Lastly, as to their Marriages and Funerals, he appointed them Laws much different from all other People. But under the Empires that have risen up in these latter Ages, especially in the Fourth Monarchy of the Persians, and in the time of the Macedonian Empire, which overturn'd the former: (through mixture with Foreign Nations) many of the Ancient Laws and Customs among the Jews, have been chang'd and grown obsolete.
Henry Valesius HIS FRAGMENTS OUT OF The 6th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 34th, 36th, and 37th lost Books OF Diodorus Siculus, By him Published in the Year MDCXXXIV.
Now Translated, and Compar'd with the Greek.
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row: 1699.
THese Fragments of Diodorus the Sicilian, were first Collected by Constantine the Seventh, one of the Eastern Emperors, the Son of Leo the Sixth. He began to Reign about the Year of our Lord 911. He got together from all parts, Books of all sorts of Learning, in order to make up a compleat Library. Out of the several Authors he Collected such Observations as were most remarkable, and Marshall'd each of them that concern'd one and the same subject, under their several and proper Heads. The Heads or common Places of his Historical Collections were Fifty three in Number; and made up a Hundred and Six Volumns. For every Head, he divided into two Books; in the first of which was contain'd what was said of that particular subject by the most Ancient Authors, or such as writ Universal Histories from the begining of Time: In the second are Collections out of those Authors that writ of the Acts and Affairs past, in the time of the Caesars. That common Place wherein are these Fragments of Diodorus, is one of the Fifty three, and is Titled thus, viz. Of Virtues and Vices. It was brought out of Cyprus to Paris by Nicholas Fabricius, not long before the Fragments were Publish'd by Valesius, as appears in his Epistle dedicated to Fabricius himself, and in that to the Reader. The rest of the Fifty three Heads of this Emperor, are lost, save only one, which is Intituled thus, viz. Of Embassies, divided into two Volumns. The first publish'd by Fulvius Ursinus, where Collections are again made out of Diodorus the Sicilian, and the other by David Hoeschelius. This account of the preservation of these Fragments, and how they came to light, I conceiv'd was needful to satisfie the Reader, to the end he may be assur'd, he is not impos'd upon by any thing in this Kind that is Fictitious and Spurious.
CAstor and Pollux, who were also call'd Dioscuri, are said to be Eminent above others for Valour, and remarkable in their Assistance in the Expedition with the Argonauts, and afforded considerable help to them that were but otherwise very weak; and to speak all in sum, they gain'd in all places exceeding honour and reputation for their Valour, Justice, Piety and Martial skill and discipline, and were ready in all hazards with them that were most forward, and therefore for the eminency of their Valour, were reputed the Sons of Jupiter, and after their deaths, were honour'd with Divine honours.
Epopeus King of Sicyon, challenging the Gods to a Combat, to that end destroy'd their Temples and Altars.
3 Sicyphus is said for craft and subtilty to excel all others, and by looking into the intrals of Beasts, declar'd future Events.
4 Salmoneus was Proud and Prophane, contemn'd the Gods, and preferr'd his own, above the acts of Jupiter himself, and therefore out of an Engine which sent forth a mighty sound, he us'd to Thunder, and never offer'd any Sacrifices, or observ'd any solemn Festivals to the Gods.
5 Tyro (they say) was Salmeneus his Daughter, who was so call'd from her Beauty and Comeliness of her Person.
6 Admetus for his Justice and Piety, was so approv'd and belov'd of the Gods, that when Apollo fell into the displeasure of Jupiter, he was order'd to be a Servant to Admetus. They say likewise, that Alcestes the Daughter of Pelias, who was the only Daughter that was Innocent, as to the Murther of her Father, for her Piety was Marry'd to Admetus.
7 Melampus was belov'd by Apollo, for his eminent Virtues and Piety.
Page 742 8. When Troy was entred and taken, Aeneas with some other of the Citizens possessed himself of part of the City, and defended it bravely and valiantly against the assaults of the Enemy. When the Greeks upon the terms made, agreed that each of them should carry away with them as much of their Goods as they could, all of them but Aeneas, took away Gold and Silver, and what ever else of such kind was esteem'd pretious and valuable; but he carry'd away only his old Father upon his shoulders: At which the Grecians did so admire, that they gave him liberty to make choice of what part of his Wealth, and his houshold Goods he pleas'd; upon which, taking only his houshold Gods; the Virtue and Piety of the Man caus'd them to admire much more than before; for they perceiv'd that in the height of his dangers and troubles, his chiefest care was to discharge his duty to his Father, and his due and pious regards to the Gods: And therefore they say that both he, and the rest of the Trojans that remain'd, had liberty given them, with all assurance of safe passage to go from Troy, to what place soever they pleas'd.
9. Romulus Silvius was exceeding Proud all the days of his Life, and a contemner of the Gods. When Jupiter thundred, he us'd to Command his Soldiers upon a sign given, all at once to strike upon their shields with their Swords, and vaunted that it was a greater noise than the other, and therefore he was struck dead with a Thunder-bolt.
10. About this time, one Malachus became King of the City Cuma, by ingratiating himself with the common People, and accusing and calumniating great Men: For afterwards putting to death, the richest of the Citizens, he seiz'd their Estates, and with the Wealth thus got, hir'd strong Guards, and struck a Dread and Terror into all the Cumeans.
11. Such was the eminent Virtue of Lycurgus, that once when he came to Delphos, the Oracle saluted him with these Verses. Seek in the Fragments of Sentences.
While the Lacedemonians observ'd the Laws of Lycurgus, from a mean and low condition, they grew very Potent, and held the Sovereignty of Greece for above 400 Years: But when by degrees they slighted and disregarded one Law after another, and fell to Sloath and Voluptuousness, and began to heap up Money and Wealth, they lost their sovereign Authority.
12. Whereas the Eleans were full of strong and youthful Men, and had a well govern'd Commonwealth, the Lacedemonians jealous of the increase of their power, endeavour'd all they: could to make them Sacred, that so being at Peace, they might gain no experience in matters of War; to that end, with the consent of all the Grecians they devoted them to Jupiter, and therefore neither when Xerxes broke into Greece, were they compell'd to raise any Soldiers, but as the Priests of Jupiter, and overseers of the Games were free: Nor in the Civil Wars of the Greeks did any molest them, all endeavouring to preserve their Country as a City Sacred and Inviolable: But in after times, the Eleans betook themselves to Arms of their own accord.
The two Brothers, Romulus and Remus being thus expos'd in a Cradle, when they grew up to Mens Estate, far excell'd their equals in strength and comeliness of their Persons; and secur'd all the Shepherds and their flocks, by freeing them from the Theeves, that us'd to make a prey of them, killing some in their attempts upon the flocks, and taking others alive: And besides the honour they wan by their Valour, they were greatly belov'd by the neighbouring Shepherds, both for their familiar converse, and their civil and courteous behaviour to all that made their addresses to them. The security therefore of them all, being lodg'd in them, most submitted to them of their own accord, and were observant to their Commands, and went wheresoever they were ordered by them.
Polychares the Messenian, a Man of noble Birth, and very rich, entred into a strict band of familiarity and friendship with Eucephnus the Spartan, who taking upon him the care and protection of the Flocks and Shepherds, began to covet what they had, but his treachery was soon discovered; for having sold some Oxen together with the Herdsmen themselves, to foreign Merchants, and pretending that Robbers carry'd them away by force, it came to pass that the Merchants Sailing by the Coasts of Pelopponnesus towards Sicily, by a sudden Storm, were cast upon the Land. Hereupon the Herdsmen taking advantage of the Night, got off Shipboard, and being well acquainted with the Place, fled and made their escapes, and when they came to Messena, declar'd the whole business to their Master, whereupon Polychares hid the Herdsmen, and sent for Eucephnus from L〈…〉demon; who, when he came, swore, and impudently stood to it, that the Shepherds and be•dsmen were some of them forcibly carried away by Robbers, and the rest were kill'd, upon which Polychares forthwith brought forth the Herdsmen: At which Eucephnus was amaz'd, and thus plainly convicted of falshood, presently began to beg pardon, Page 743 and promis'd to restore all the Cattle, and us'd many words to regain his Favour. Polychares therefore out of regard to the Sacred ties of Friendship, conceal'd the Fact, and sent his Son with Eucephnus to Lacedaemon to recover the Cattle: But Eucephnus disregardful of his Promises, murther'd the Young man that was sent along with him to Sparta. Polychares enrag'd at this bloody Act, requir'd the Spartans to deliver up the Murtherer But the Lacedaemonians, not willing to comply with his Demands, sent the Son of Eucephnus with Letters to Messena, wherein Polychares was order'd to come to Sparta, and there to abide the Judgment of the Ephori and the Kings, concerning the Matters whereof he complain'd; but Polychares by way of Retaliation, kill'd the Son of Eucephnus, and drove away a Prey of Cattle out of the Countrey of Sparta.
15. Archias the Corinthian falling in Love with Actaeon, first courted the Youth with Presents and fair Promises; but being not able to prevail by reason of the Honesty of the Boy's Father, and the Sobriety and Modesty of the Young man himself, he got a Company of his Friends together, resolved to do that by Force which he could not obtain by Intreaty and fair Means: Having therefore made himself drunk with those he had brought along with him, he was hurried on to that degree by his Love-passion, that he broke forceably into the House of Melissus, and took away the Boy by force; but his Father with his Houshold Servants laying hold of his Son to detain him, and both parties earnestly striving to get him one from the other, the poor Child among them was pull'd in pieces, so that the sufferings of the Child, and the manner of it, occasion'd both Grief and Admiration, at one and the same time: For the Youth came to the like end with him that bore the same Name, both of them being destroy'd much in the same manner by those that came in to their assistance.
16. Agathocles to whom was committed the care of building of a Temple to Minerva, laid out the Money out of his own Purse; but he pick'd out the best and largest of the Stones, and built for himself a sumptuous and stately House: But the Power of the Goddess made it self evident, in destroying Agathocles with a Thunderbolt, and burning his House; and the Geomorians confiscated his Goods, although his Heirs made it clear and evident that he had not imbezill'd any of the Sacred Treasure. They consecrated likewise the Carcass of his House, and made it a Place inaccessable, which is now call'd Embrontaeum.
17. Pompilius King of Rome, liv'd peaceably all his Days, and some say he was a hearer of Pythagoras, and that he had his Laws concerning Religion from him, and many other things which much advanc'd his Reputation, and therefore though he was a Stranger, he was sent for to take upon him the Crown.
18. Deioces King of the Medes, when all sorts of Wickedness abounded, was eminent for Justice and all other Virtues.
19. The Sybarites were addicted to Gluttony and Voluptuousness, and such was their strife and study to be Luxurious, that they lov'd the Ionians and Thuscans above all other Strangers, because those among the Greeks, and these among the Barbarians, were most Luxurious and Effeminate. It's said; that Mindyrides was the most Voluptuous of any of the Sybarites; for when Clisthenes King of Sicyon was Victor in the Race with Chariots drawn with four Horses, and had proclaim'd by the Cryer, That whosoever would Marry his Daughter (a most beautiful Lady) should come to Sicyon at a certain Day appointed, this Mindyrides loos'd from Sibaris in a Vessel of above Fifty Oars on a side, and furnish'd it with Rowers out of his own Family, of whom some were Fishermen, and the rest were Fowlers; and when he came into the Haven at Sicyon, that he not only far surpass'd all his Rivals for State and Grandeur, but likewise the King himself, although the whole City for Vain-glory most profusely contributed their Wealth to Clisthenes: And being after his arrival presently entertain'd at Supper, and ask'd by one who should sit next to him, by the Voice of an Herald he caus'd it to be proclaim'd, That he would sit next to the Bride, or by himself alone.
20. Hippomenes, Archon of Athens, when his *Daughter had play'd the Whore, punish'd her after a most cruel and inhumane Manner; for he shut her up in a Stable with a Horse for some days kept without Meat, which through want of Food at length eat up the miserable and unfortunate Lady.
21. Arcesilaus King of Cyrene being grievously afflicted with many pressing Calamities, consulted the Oracle at Delphos; to whom Apollo answer'd, That the Gods were angry for that none of the succeeding Kings since Battus govern'd so Justly and Righteously as he did, for he reign'd mildly and gently, content only with the Name of a King; and that which was most commendable of all was that he carefully kept and maintain'd the Worship of the Gods; but his Successors always (ever since have reign'd Tyrannically, and Page 744 converted the publick Treasure to their own private Use, and neglected the Service of the Gods.
22. Demonax of Mantinea, was the Arbitrator to allay the Sedition among the Cyrenians, a Person in great Honour and Esteem for his Wisdom and Justice. When he arriv'd at Cyrene all their differences were referr'd to him, and he reconcil'd the Cities one to another: upon these Terms and Conditions—
23. Lucius Tarquinius King of the Romans, being carefully educated from a Child, and much addicted to the Liberal Sciences, was much admir'd for his virtuous Qualifications by all; and therefore when he attain'd to Man's Estate, he was in great favour and much esteem with Ancus Martius then King of Rome, and together with the King, order'd and manag'd many of the weighty Affairs of the Kingdom. Being very Rich himself he liberally supply'd the wants of others, and was Courteous and Obliging to all, and therefore cry'd up greatly for his Wisdom.
24. Solon was the Son of Execestides; heb was an Athenian, and his Ancestors Inhabitants of the Island Salamis, for Wisdom and Learning he far excell'd all of his time; being Virtuously inclin'd from his Youth, he apply'd himself to the Study of the best Arts and Sciences: And having long inur'd himself to all sorts of Learning, he became the Great Master and Champion of every Virtue. For being under the care of the best Tutors from a Child, when he grew up to Man's estate he associated with such as were esteem'd the greatest Philosophers; upon the account of which Converse, he was esteem'd one of the Seven Wise Men, and was not only preferr'd before all the rest, but likewise before all others that were Eminent for their Wisdom. He was in great honour for making of Laws, and admir'd by all for his singular Prndence in his private Discourses and Answers, and giving of Counsel and Advice. When the Athenians grew Ionians in their Manners, and became in a high degree Luxurious and Effeminate, Solon by degrees gain'd them to the love of Virtue and Honourable Actions: For Hermodus and Aristogo, principled and instructed by his Laws and Discipline, overturn'd the Tyranny of Pisistratus.
25. There was one Myso of Malea living i a Town call'd Chenae, who lay most commonly in the Fields, obscure, unknown almost to every body, upon the Expelling of Periander the Corinthian for his Tyranny and Cruelty, was taken into the Society of one of the Seven Wise Men.
26. Chilo liv'd according to his Doctrine, which is a thing rare to be found: For we may see many Philosophers in our Age, who talk at a great rate, yet their Manners and Course of Life are Filthy and Abominable, who look and speak like grave and wise Men, yet by their actions give themselves the Lye. But Chilo, besides his virtuous Life all his Days, conceiv'd and utter'd many excellent things worthy of Remark.
27. Pittacus of Mytelene was a Man not only to be admired for his Wisdom, but was such a Citizen as Lesbos never before produc'd the like, nor ever like to be (as I think) any such after him▪ till it produce plenty of sweet Wine. For he was an excellent Law-maker, and Civil and Courteous towards all his Fellow-Citizens in all their Meetings and publick Assemblies, and freed his Country from three most grievous Calamities, Tyranny, Sedition, and War. He was a most prudent and courteous Man, ever ready to excuse other Men's faults; and therefore seem'd to be a Person perfectly Virtuous in every respect; for in making of Laws he was Prudent and Politick, Faithful to his Word, Valiant in War, and one that scorn'd corrupt Lucre and Gain.
28. The Prieneans say, That Bias having redeem'd from the hands of Robbers some Captive Messenian Virgins, Persons of considerable Quality, he took them into his own House, and honourably entertain'd them as his own Daughters: And when their Relations and Kinsdolk came to Perene to seek after them, he restor'd them to their Friends without taking any thing either for their Dyet or Redemption, but on the contrary presented them with many Gifts out of his own Estate: And therefore the Ladies lov'd him as their own Father both for his noble Entertainment, and the largeness of his Bounty; so that when they return'd home they were still mindful of his Kindness to them: And therefore when the Fishermen of Messenac drew up with their Nets nothing but a Brazen Tripode, whereon was inscrib'd these Words. To the Wisest, they procur'd it to be given to Bias. He was the most Rhetorical and Eloquent Man in his time; but far different from all others in the use he made of his Eloquence; for he was not Mercenary, or aim'd at Gain, but us'd it for the Relief of Men indistress, which is rare now to be found.
29. Cyrus the Son of Cambysis and Mandana Nephew to Astyagis King of the Medes, for Valour, Prudence, and other Virtues, excell'd all others in the age wherein he liv'd: for his Father gave him Royal Education, encouraging him to every thing that was high and brave: And even while he was a Boy he gave evident Tokens of his attempting great Page 745 things at one time or other; his Virtue and Valour appearing now before hand so evidently while he was but a Child.
30. Astyages King of the Medes, being beaten in a Battle, and forc'd to a dishonourable Flight, was enrag'd at his Soldiers, and disbanded all his Officers, and plac'd others in their rooms; but as for those that were the occasion of the flight, he pickt 'em out of all his Troops, and put 'em to death, thinking by this Example to make the rest more careful in the discharge of their Duty when they came to fight. For he was naturally cruel and implacable: but his Soldiers were so far from being terrify'd by his Severity, that in hatred of his Cruelty and Inhumanity, every one of them were ready to revolt, and to that end began to meet together in great companies, and talk Treason, stirring up one another to revenge the deaths of their fellow Soldiers.
31. Cyrus (they say) was not only valiant against an Enemy, but mild and gentle towards his Subjects, therefore the Persians call him their Father.
32. One Adrastus a Phrygian by casting a Dart at a Boar in Hunting, accidentally kill'd Atys the Son of Croesus the King of Lydia, and tho' he slew him against his Will, yet he said that he himself who kill'd him was not worthy to live, and therefore intreated Croesus not to spare him, but forthwith to cut his Throat at his Son's Sepulchre. Craesus indeed at the first was in a rage at Adrastus for the death of his Son, and threatned to burn him alive: but when he perceiv'd that the young Man did not seek to avoid punishment, but rather voluntarily offer'd his Life as a Sacrifice to the dead; his Anger was appeas'd, and he pardon'd him, complaining of his own misfortune, and not of any purpose or design in the young Man: However, Adrastus went privately to Atys his Sepulchre and there kill'd himself.
33. Croesus King of Lydia pretending to send Eurybatus the Ephesian to Delphos, sent him in truth with a great Sum of Money into Peloponnesus to hire Soldiers; but Eurybatus fled to Cyrus King of Persia, and discover'd to him all Craesus his designs: and therefore this Treachery of Eurybatus was so remarkable among the Grecians, that when they would upbraid any Man with a base Action, they call him Eurybatus.
34. Cyrus believing that Croesus was a Religious Man, because a sudden storm of Rain from Heaven extinguish'd the Fire in the Pile whereon he was burnt, and calling to mind the saying of Solon; carry'd Croesus along with him, using him with all Honour and Respect, and made him one of his Privy Council, conceiving him to be a prudent Man, who had familiarly convers'd with so many and such eminent Persons for Wisdom.
35. Servius Tullius King of Rome Reign'd 44 years, and out of his own virtuous disposition order'd many things for the good of the Commonwealth.
36. When Thericles was chief Magistrate at Athens in the 61 Olympiad, Pythagoras the Philosopher flourish'd, having attain'd to the highest pitch of Wisdom; a Man worthy to have his Memory Eterniz'd, if ever any other Philosopher deserv'd it; he was born a Samos, tho' some say at Tyrrhenum. His Speeches were utter'd with so much Grace, and force of persuasion that almost the whole City daily gaz'd upon him, as if some God had been before them, and a great concourse of People came from all parts to hear him. And he was not only eminently eloquent, but very sober and grave, and was a wonderful Example for young Men to imitate in the course of their Lives in that respect: and all that he convers'd with he dissuaded from vain Pomp and Luxury; all the Inhabitants of that Country (through plenty and fulness of all things among them) being given to effeminacy and filthiness both of Body and Mind.
This Pythagoras when he heard that Pherycides, once his Master, was very sick in the Island Delos, he forthwith sail'd out of Italy thither, where after he had for some time cherish'd the Old Man, and had us'd his utmost endeavour to restore him to health, at length, through Old Age and the violence of his distemper he dy'd, and Pythagoras carefully bury'd him; and so having perform'd the Office and Duty of a Son, as to a Father, he return'd into Italy.
37. The Pythagoreans (if any of their Society fall into decay) divide and contribute proportions of their Goods to him that is so in want, as if he were their Brother; and this they do, not only as to them that are daily conversant with them, but likewise to all others of the same Sect and Profession wherever they be. And therefore one Clineas of Tarentum when he understood that Prorus a Cyrenian and a Pythagorean, by some misfortune or other had lost all his Estate, and was become exceeding poor, he past over out of Italy to Cyrene with a considerable sum of Money, and made up the loss of his Patrimony, tho' he had never seen him before, but only understood by hear-say, that he was a Pythagorian. And it's reported that many others have done the like And they have not only supply'd their Companions with Monies in their wants, but have hazarded their Page 746 Persons with them in the most dangerous times. For in the Reign of Dionysius the Tyrant it's reported that one Phintias a Pythagorean, when by the contrivance of the Tyrant he was to be led to execution, desir'd of Dionysius but a few days to settle his Houshould Affairs, and promis'd that in the mean time he would leave one of his friends to suffer in his stead, if he return'd not. Dionysius hereupon wondring whether any such friend could be found, who would be willing to be cast into Goal for his friend, Phintias presently call'd for one of his Scholars call'd Damon a Pythagorean, who forthwith without any budging became his Hostage to dye in his room.
Many there were that commended this singular demonstration of Love and Kindness to his Friend, others condemn'd it as a foolish and rash Act. But at the day appointed all the People flock'd together very earnest to see whether he that left his pledge would perform his word. But the day drawing near to an end, every body began to despair, and Damon was led forth to execution, and then on a sudden at the very last moment of the day, Phintias came running in. This wonderful Friendship and Kindness one for another was admir'd by all; and Dionysius pardon'd the condemn'd Person, and desir'd that he himself might be taken into the Society.
38. The Pythagoreans had a great Art in improving their Memories, and to that end employ'd their utmost Care and Diligence. For the first thing they did constantly after they rose out of their Beds in a Morning, was to recollect and call to mind every thing they had done the day before from the Morning to the Evening, and if they had time and leisure they would go back to examine the Actions of the Second, Third and Fourth day, and sometimes further, conceiving it very helpful and advantagious for the improving of Memory, and increase of Knowledge.
39. These Philosophers inur'd themselves to abstinence by this means. They prepare all sorts of Delicacies and Rarities, such as Tables are furnish'd with at Solemn Feasts, after they have gaz'd upon them for a considerable time, on purpose to whet their Appetite, which naturally desires in such cases to be gratify'd, on a sudden the Table is order'd to be whip'd-away, and they themselves thereupon withdrew without tasting any of the Dainties.
40. Pythagoras commanded his Disciples to forbear taking an Oath as much as they could, but when they had once taken it, to be careful to keep it. Having likewise regard to what was convenient, even in the Acts of Venus, he advis'd to abstain from Women in Summer time, and to be moderate and sparing in Winter: for he look'd upon all carnal Copulation to be hurtful; but if it were frequent (he said) it impair'd the strength and was destructive.
He advis'd likewise, that the Sacrificers should not make their Addresses to the Gods in rich and gaudy Habits, but only in white and clean Robes, and should not only bring before them Bodies free from gross and outward wickednesses, but pure and undefiled Souls. Commanding these and many such like things, and stirring Men up to Sobriety, Valour and Constancy, and all other Virtues, he was Ador'd by the Crotonians as if he had been a God.
41. One Cylo of Crotonia, the most wealthy and eminent Man of all the Citizens, desiring to be receiv'd into the Society of the Pythagoreans, was rejected, because he was naturally a fierce and stubborn Man, Seditious and Ambitious. At which he was so enrag'd, that he gat together a number of Factious Persons against the Pythagoreans, and began to rail and do all the mischief he could against them.
42 Lysis the Pythagorean going to Thebes in Baeotia, became Tutor to Epaminondas, and instructed him in all the ways of Virtue, and by reason of his excellent Endowments adopted him to be his Son; And Epaminondas from those sparks of Knowledge, he had gain'd from the Pythagorean Philosophy, excell'd not only the Thebans, but all the rest of the Grecians of his time in Patience, Frugality, and all other Virtues.
43. To write the Lives of Persons in former Ages is indeed a difficult and troublesome task to the Historians, but very profitable to others for their direction in the course of their Lives. For this kind of History, by recording good and bad Actions, doth grace the Memory of the Good, and fix a Stain upon the name of the Wicked, by sharing out Praise and Disgrace to each of them according as they do deserve it. For Praise is as a certain Reward of Virtue without Cost; and Disgrace is the punishment of Vice without a Wound. And therefore it's very fit all should understand, that according to the course of Life Men lead here, such will be the account and remembrance of them afterward; when they are dead, so that they need not employ all their Thoughts upon Marble Mo••ments, which are set up only in a little corner, and decay'd and gone in process of Page 747 time; but rather apply their Minds to Learning, and other virtuous Qualifications, which would make their Names famous over all the World.
For time, which consumes all other things, preserves these to perpetual Generations, and the elder they grow, the more fresh and flourishing it presents them: for they that are gone long ago, are still in every Man's Mouth, as if they were now at this very day alive.
44. Cambyses was naturally furious and even a Mad-man, and the more fierce and insolent upon the account of his large Dominion.
Cambyses the Persian puft up with the success of his Arms, after the taking of Memphis and Pelusium, insolently demolish'd the Sepulchre of Amasis, an Ancient King of Aegypt; and finding his Body embalm'd with odoriferous Spices, basely and inhumanly cudgel'd it and abus'd it with all manner of Contempt, and after order'd it to be burnt to Ashes. For being the Aegyptians never burn their dead Bodies, he thought by this means he reveng'd himself sufficiently of the Man that was dead long before.
Cambyses when he prepar'd for his Expedition against the Aethiopians, sent part of his Army against the Ammonians; and commanded his Officers to rob the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, and set it on fire, and make all the Inhabitants round Captives.
45. Certain Lydians flying away to avoid the Tyrannical Government of Oroetes, the Governor of the Province fled to Samus with a vast Treasure of Gold, and humbly Address'd themselves to Polycrates for relief: who at first courteously Entertain'd them; but not long after cut all their Throats, and robb'd them of their Money.
46 Thessalus the Son of Pisistratus a Wise and Prudent Man, voluntarily abdicated the Sovereignty, and acted only as a private Man, contented only to share in the common Rights and Liberties with the rest of the Citizens, for which he was in high Esteem and Reputation.
But his Brothers Hipparchus and Hippias, being rigid and cruel, Rul'd Tyrannically over their Citizens. After they had for some time grievously opprest the Athenians, Hipparchus falling in Love with a beautiful Boy, plung'd himself into perilous circumstances. For Harmodius and Aristogiton join'd in a Conspiracy against the Tyrant, in order to free their Country from Slavery; but Aristogiton was the chief Man for a brave and resolute Spirit, in induring all sorts of Torments with patience and constancy, who in the most perilous times, carefully preserv'd two things especially, Faithfulness to his to his Friends, and just Revenge for his Enemies.
47 Zeno of Elis, being seiz'd upon for a Conspiracy against Nearchus, who tyrannically opprest the Country, was put upon the Rack. When the Tyrant askt him, who were his fellow Conspirators; I would to God (said he) I had as much Command of the rest of my Body, as I have of my Tongue.
Hereupon the Tyrant scruing him up, and tormenting him the more, Zeno for some time couragiously endur'd the tormenting Rack, but afterwards to free himself, and be reveng'd on the Tyrant, he had this contrivance. The Rack being extended to the utmost, he feign'd as if he could no longer bear it, and therefore cry'd out to release him, and he would discover all, the Rack being thereupon loos'd, he desir'd the Tyrant would come to him himself, for he had many things to discover, which requir'd Secresie: Upon which he came readily to him, and put his Face close to Zeno's Ear, upon which he took fast hold of the Tyrants Ear with his Teeth; whereupon the Guard came running in, and racking him to the utmost they could to force him to leave his hold, he fastned his Teeth the more fiercely, so that the Guard not being able to baffle the resolution of the Man, they were forc'd to intreat him to let go; and by this trick, he was releas'd from his torments, with a revenge upon the Tyrant.
48. Sextus the Son of Lucinius Tarquinius, King of the Romans, took a Journey to the City Coilatia, and there Lodg'd at the House of Lucius Tarquinius the King's Nephew, whose Wife was call'd Lucretia, a most beautiful Lady and renown'd for her Chastity. Sextus rose up in the Night and broke down her Chamber Door, when she was in Bed, and attempted to force her, (her Husband at that time being in the Camp at Ardea) and with his drawn Sword in his Hand, threatn'd to kill her, unless she yielded, and told her he had a Slave ready, whom he would lay naked in Bed with her, and kill them both, that it might be said, she was justly kill'd in the act of Adultery, and that he had done it in revenge of the injury done to his Kinsman. And therefore it was better for her quietly to gratifie him in what he desir'd, promising her likewise many great and rich rewards, and to Marry her, and so from a private Condition, she should be advanc'd to the State and Dignity of a Queen. Lucretia amaz'd with the strangeness and suddenness of the thing, and fearful lest it should be thought she was kill'd really for an act of Adultery, Page 748 was quiet at that time. The next day when Sextus was gone, she presently sent for all her Servants and Houshold, and desir'd they would not suffer the Wickedness of the Man to go unpunish'd, who had violated all the Laws of Friendship and Hospitality: And that for her self (she said) it was not Honourable longer to survive the violation of her Chastity: and having said this, she stabb'd her self into the Breast with a Dagger, and so breath'd her last.
49. Hippocrates King of Gela, after his Victory over the Syracusians, when he Encampt near the Temple of Jupiter, took the Chief Priests, and some of the principal Citizens of Syracuse, who had spoil'd the Temple of the Consecrated golden Vessels, and carry'd away other things, especially Jupiter's Cloak, which was made of Massy and Solid Gold, sharply rebuk'd them as sacrilegious Persons, and commanded them forthwith to return to the City. He himself toucht none of the things devoted, both to buoy up the Credit and Reputation of his own Name, as likewise judging it unfit for him, who had undertaken so great a War, to act so high a piece of Impiety against the Gods. Besides, he conceiv'd by this means he should stir up the People against the Governors of Syracuse, who rul'd the Commonwealth with rigour, beyond all bounds of moderation and Equity.
50. Thero of Arge••um, for Wealth and Nobility of Birth, and his courteous Carriage, towards the meanest Man, was not only highly honour'd among the Citizens, but even among all the Sicilians.
51. Cimon the Son of Miltiades, when his Father dy'd in the Common Goal, because he was not able to pay the Fine impos'd upon him, gave up himself into Custody, to abide in Prison for his Fathers Mulct, that he might have the Body of his Parent to bury it.
52. Cimen was very Eminent, when he was a Civil Magistrate, and afterwards became a famous General in the Wars and perform'd such Actions by his Valour, as are worthy of an everlasting Remembrance.
53. Those at Thermopyle dy'd fighting couragiously, whose Valour, &c.—Which are publish'd in the 11th Book of Diodorus his History, P. 9. What after follows in the Manuscript, because they are extant in Diodorus his History, I have purposely omitted, 12 Folio's.
1. Antigonus, from a private Man advanc'd to the State and Dignity of a King, was the most potent Prince of any in his time, but not contented with his Condition, without the least colour of Right, was prompted by his Ambition to grasp at the Dominions of other Princes, and by that means both lost his own, and his Life together.
2. When Agathocles heard how the Ligurians and Tyrrhenians had mutinously fallen upon his Son Agatharchus, in his absence, for their Pay, he put them all to the Sword, to the number almost of 2000.
3. The Thracians who had taken in a Battle Agathocles, the Son of King Lysimachus, sent him back to his Father with several gifts; by this means hoping, in case of misfortunes, to shelter themselves under his protection, and hereby likewise to induce him freely to restore their Territory, which he then possest. For they were out of all hopes of Victory, seeing so many potent Kings, Confederates with Lysimachus.
4. Dromichoetes King of Thrace, having taken Lysimachus Prisoner, us'd him with all kind of Civility; and kissed and embrac'd him, calling him his Father, and brought him with his Children into the City Helis. And when the Thracians came in a Body together, and crying out demanded, that the Captive King should be brought forth, and put to death, for that it was but just and equal that they that had adventur'd their lives, should dispose as they thought fit of the Captives; Dromichoetes making a Speech against putting the King to death, told the Soldiers that it was for the publick good to preserve the King: For if they kill'd him forthwith, some others would take possession of his Kingdom, who perhaps might become more formidable to them, than Lysimachus: But on the other Hand, if they preserv'd him, that favour might work so much, as in gratitude to gain a favourable respect to the Thracians, and to procure without running any hazard a Restitution of all those Forts and Castles, that formerly belong'd to the Thracians.
The Army then agreeing to what he said; he brought forth all the Friends and Servants of Lysimachus, that he could find amongst the Captives, and deliver'd them to him. Afterwards Page 749 when he offer'd a solemn Sacrifice to the Gods, he invited Lysimachus and all his Friends, with the Chief Officers and Commanders of the Thracians to Supper: And having prepar'd Two Apartments, he cover'd the Beds whereon Lysimachus and his Friends were to sit, with rich Carpets, part of the spoils taken in the Battle; but for himself and the rest of the Thracians, the Coverings were but poor and mean. He prepar'd likewise Two sorts of Suppers; That for Lysimachus and his Friends, consist'd of all sorts of Rarities and noble Dishes, set upon Silver Tables: But for the Thracians he order'd Herbs and Flesh meanly Drest, to be set upon a Table uncover'd, in wooden Platters. To conclude, the first were serv'd with Wine in Gold and Silver Bowls: But for himself and his Thracians, he order'd Cups of Wood and Horn, after the manner of the Getes: Afterwards in the height of the Feast, he fill'd up the greatest Horn with Wine, and calling Lysimachus Father, askt him whether of the two seem'd to him more Princely, a Thracian, or a Macedonian Supper? When Lysimachus answer'd a Macedonian—See the rest in the Fragments of Sentences.
5. King Demetrius, after he had forc'd the rest of the Cities to a submission, carri'd himself nobly towards the Baetians: For besides the 14 Persons that were the Heads of the defection, he pardon'd all the rest.
6. Agatharcus was Valorous and Couragious, above his Age For he was very young.
7 Timaeus was a bitter Censurer of former Historians, yet in other parts of his History, very careful to declare the Truth, but his hatred of Agathocles was such, that he forg'd many things in relation to his actions; for being Banish'd by Agathocles out of the Island, he could not be reveng'd of the Tyrant while he liv'd: but after his death he loaded him with Reproaches in his History, to make his Memory odious to all Posterity. For besides the Vices this King was really guilty of, he imputed many others to him, invented of his own Head, and always lessen'd his prosperous successes, and aggravated his misfortunes which were really casual, and turn'd them upon himself, as the cause of them through his own miscarriages. For whereas all know that Agathocles was a prudent and expert Soldier and Commander, and was Bold and Couragious in the greatest Difficulties, he all along in his History is continually calling him a weak headed Coward. And yet who is there that is ignorant, that none were ever under meaner Circumstances, that afterwards attain'd to such a Degree of Sovereignty and Dominion? For his Poverty and mean Birth was such, that from his Childhood he was but a mean Artificer: But afterwards by his Valour, he not only gain'd the Sovereign Power over all Sicily, but Conquer'd a great part of Italy and Africa. And any one may justly wonder at the Vanity of Timaeus, who almost in every Page extols the Valour of the Syracusians, and yet affirms him, who Conquer'd them, to be the greatest Coward of any Man living. From these contradictions and inconsistencies it's clear and manifest that out of a private Pique and Disgust he betray'd the Trust of a faithful Historian: And therefore his last five Books, wherein are set forth the acts of Agathocles, for very good reason, were never approv'd by any.
8. Callias likewise the Syracusian deserves as much to be Censur'd as the other, who being inrich'd and advanc'd by Agathocles, never leaves off praising him far above his desert, and so dishonouring History, which should be the Herauld of Truth. For whereas Agathocles in many things violated both the Laws of God and Man, he cryes him up as the most Pious and Righteous Man in the World. To conclude, as Agathocles by force took away the Citizens Goods, and most injuriously bestow'd them upon this Writer; so this admirable Historiographer in way of requital, loads him in his History with Praises of all sorts and sizes. But in my opinion it were no difficult Task, by way of grateful Return, to repay favours receiv'd from Princes, by moderate and due Praises and Commendations.
9. After the * Mercenary Soldiers had agreed with the Syracusians, they Marched away, and were receiv'd by the Messenians, as Friends and Confederates: and being thus kindly entertain'd by the Citizens, in the Night they Murther'd all their Landlords, and took their Wives as their own, and possessed themselves of the City.
10 When Demetrius was a Prisoner at Pella, Lysimachus sent an Ambassador to Seleucus to Caution him, not to suffer him upon any Terms to get out of his Hands, being (as he said) an insatiably ambitious Man, and one continually plotting against all the Kings; and promis'd he would give him 2000 Talents, if he would put Demetrius to death: But Seleucus the King, sharply rebuk'd the Ambassadors, for perswading him not only to violate his Faith, but to commit so horrid a piece of Wickedness against one so near related to him: But he writ a Letter to his Son Antiochus, who was then in Media, to ask his Advice what should be done with Demetrius; for he had resolv'd Page 750 to release him and restore him hononourably to his Kingdom; but was willing likewise to have the Favour acknowledg'd by his Son Antiochus, who had marry'd Stratonices the Daughter of Demetrius, and had several Children by her.
1. WHen a Garrison was put into Rhegium by the Romans, Decius a Campanian, a covetous and impudent Fellow, acted the Base and Treacherous Part of the Mamertines; for as they were receiv'd as Friends by the Messenians, and seiz'd upon their City, and cut the Throats of all the Messenians their Landlords, in their own Houses, and marry'd their Wives, and possess'd themselves of the Estates of them they had murder'd; so the Campanian Soldiers to whom with Decius the Garrison of Rhegium was committed by the Romans, with the like Perfidiousness kill'd all the Rhegians, and dividing their Goods amongst themselves, possess'd themselves of the City. But Decius the Governor after he had sold the Goods of these miserable People, and shared the Money he had treacherously rais'd, was expell'd from Rhegium by the Campanians, his Co-partners in this wicked Fact. But every one of these perfidious Villains at length met with their just Reward: For Decius being seiz'd with a grievous pain in his Eyes sent for an Eminent Physitian of Rhegium, who to revenge the Wrong done to his Country, anointed Decius his Eyes with Cantharides, and by this means having made him stark blind, forthwith fled out of Messena.
2. Phintias having tyrannically oppressed his Citizens, and put to death many of the Wealthy Men of the City, began to be hated by his Subjects for his Cruelty; and therefore all being upon the point ready for a General Defection, and he himself reduc'd to great streights, on a sudden chang'd his former Course, and ruling more moderately, kept his Subjects within the bounds of their Duty and Obedience.
3. Ptolomy King of Macedonia, being indeed very Young, and altogether unexpert in Military Affairs, and naturally Rash and weak Headed, made no provision for any thing as he ought: And therefore when he was advis'd by his Friends to stay for the Auxiliary Forces who were not as yet come up to him, he disregarded their Council.
4. Apollodorus affecting the Sovereign Power, and minding to confirm the Conspirators in whhat they had undertaken, sent for a young Man, one of his Friends, under colour of coming to Sacrifice, and when he came he offer'd him up to the Gods, and gave his Intrails to be eaten by the Conspirators, and drunk to them in his Blood mixed with Wine.
5. The same Apollodorus arm'd some Gauls, and engag'd them with large Gifts, and made use of them for his Life-Guard, because they were naturally Cruel, and ready to execute any Villany. He rais'd likewise a great Sum of Money, by Confiscating and exposing to publick Sale the Goods of the Wealthy Citizens. He grew very potent in a short time, by increasing the Soldiers Pay, and distributing Money among the Poorer sort.
Being wholly given up to Cruelty and Covetousness, he squeez'd Money from the Citizens, and forc'd both Men and Women with Racks and Torments to bring forth all their Gold and Silver; for he made use of one Calliphon a Sicilian for his adviser, an Arts master in Tyranny, who had been long bred up a Courtier among many of the Tyrants in Sicily.
6. When Pyrrhus had plunder'd Aegeas, the Seat-Royal of the Kings of Macedonia, he left there a Garrison of Gauls, who being inform'd by some that there were great Treasures (according to ancient Custom) hid in the Sepulchres of the Kings, dug up all the Tombs, and divided the Wealth amongst themselves, but scattered abroad the Bones and Ashes of the Dead.
However, Pyrrhus though he was rail'd at for this piece of Inhumanity, yet he punish'd not the Barbarians, because he made use of their assistance in his Wars.
1. I Look upon it the Duty of an Historian diligently to observe the Stratagems and Management of Affairs by Generals on both sides: For by laying open and taxing of other Mens Faults the like Miscarriage may be prevented in them that come after, and on the other side, by commending of things that are done well, others are stirr'd up to Virtuous actions. For who can but utterly condemn the Pride, Folly, Madness and Insolency of Attilius? Who not able to bear the weight of his prosperous Fortune, both lost his own Reputation, and brought many great Mischiefs and Calamities upon his Country. For when he might have struck up a Peace with the Carthaginians, Honourable and Advantageous to the Romans, but Base and Dishonourable to the other, and his Name might have been for ever renown'd amongst all Men for his Clemency and Humanity, he had no regard to any of these things: But proudly insulting over the Distresses of the Afflicted, stood upon such Terms as both provok'd the Gods to Anger, and forc'd the Conquered by reason of those unreasonable Conditions, to stand it out resolutely to the utmost Extremity; so that the face of Affairs was chang'd on a sudden, insomuch as the Carthaginians who but a little before were in great Terror and Amazement, by reason of their late Rout, and despair'd of all Relief, gather'd Courage, and routed and cut off their Enemies Army; and upon this Misfortune, such was the Distress and Amazement of the City of Rome, that they who were before look'd upon to be the best Soldiers at Land in the World, durst not engage the Enemy in that kind any more; and therefore this was the longest War of any we read of in former times, and the matter was now to be decided by Sea Fights, in which a vast Number of Ships both of the Romans and their Confederates were destroy'd, and 100000 Men perish'd with those that were kill'd in Fights at Sea: And it's easie to believe how vast a Treasure must be expended, sufficient to maintain so great a Fleet for the continuance of a War for Fifteen Years. But he that was the Author and Occasion of so many Miseries, had himself no small share in the Calamity, since his present Dishonour and Disgrace did far over-ballance his former Glory and Reputation; and by his Misfortune others are taught not to be proud in Prosperity. And that which was most cutting and grievous was, that he was now forced to endure the Scoffs and Scorns of those over whom he had before insulted in the time of their Calamity; having justly debarred himself from that Pity and Commiseration which is wont to be shew'd towards them that are in affliction. But as for Xanthippus he not only delivered the Carthaginians from the present Evils that hung over them, but altogether chang'd the Scene of Affairs; for he utterly routed the Romans who were but even now Conquerors, and after a sad slaughter lifted up the Carthaginians to such a height of Prosperity, (who were expecting their last doom) that for the future they slighted and contemn'd their Enemy.
The noise of this famous Action being spread almost all the World over, every one admir'd the Valour of this General. For it look'd like a Wonder to every body, that there should be such a sudden change of Affairs, by one Man only joining with the Carthaginians, and that they who were but lately closely besieg'd, should on a sudden besiege the Enemy: And that they who by their Valour were a little before Lords both of Sea and Land, should be now coop'd up in a small Town, expecting every day to be a Prey to their Enemies; but it's not to be wonder'd at, since the Prudence and Wisdom of the General overcame all difficulties.
2. Hamilear the Carthaginian, call'd Barca, and Hannibal his Son the great Carthaginian Generals, are reputed the greatest Captains of any that ever were either before or after them, and by their Victories greatly enlarg'd the Dominion of the Carthaginians.
CLodius coming into Sicily, as soon as he had receiv'd the Charge of the Army, who then straitly besieg'd Lilybaeum, call'd the Soldiers together, began bitterly to inveigh against the Consuls from whom he receiv'd the Legions, declaring they had negligently manag'd the War, giving themselves up to Wine, Luxury, and Voluptuousness, and that they were more really besieg'd than the Enemy: But this Man being naturally Hot and Page 752 Fiery, and something Crack-brain'd, acted many things Rashly and like a Mad-man. For in the first Place, imitating the indiscreet Actions of those he had before censur'd, he attempted to raise up a Mole in the Sea and block up the Haven, with so much the more Imprudence, as the Fault is the greater not to learn to do better, by seeing before the Mistakes and Miscarriages of another, than to run into an Error upon the first Attempt. Being likewise naturally Cruel and Severe in inflicting Punishment, after the manner of his Ancestors he was inexorable in punishing the Soldiers, and scourg'd the Roman Confederates with Rods. To conclude, He was so swell'd with Pride upon the account of the Nobility of his Birth, and the Renown of his Ancestors, that he despis'd every body else.
2. Hamilcar before he was chosen General was noted to be a Man of a magnanimous Spirit, and after he was advanc'd to that Honour he deceiv'd not their Expectation, but behav'd himself as a Noble Carthaginian, in every thing aiming at Fame and Renown and despising Dangers. He was both Prudent, Valiant, and Industrious, the Best King and the most Valiant General.
3. Hanno was naturally of an aspiring Spirit and thirsting after Glory, and having a great Army that lay idle, hop'd by this Expedition both to Train and Exercise the Soldiers, and likewise to maintain them, and by that means to ease the City of a great Charge, and over and besides, to perform some considerable Service that might prove both Honourable and Profitable to the Common-wealth.
4. When Hanno had taken Hecatompylus, and the Elders of the City address'd themselves to him, and begg'd and intreated him to shew them Pity and Compassion, being something Vain-glorious at this time he preferr'd Mercy before Severity, and took 3000 Hostages, and preserv'd the City and the Estates of the Citizens entire and untouch'd, for which he was highly honour'd by the poor People, and the Soldiers were splendidly and liberally Entertain'd by the Inhabitants with all manner of rich Provision.
5. But the * Mother of the Young Men grievously laid to heart the Death of her Husband, and conceiving that through their Carlesness and Neglect he had lost his Life, she stirr'd up her Sons to use the Captives most Cruelly and Inhumanely, for they were thrust into a little close Room, and by reason of the straitness of the Place were forced to throng one upon another like Beasts, and after they had been kept without Meat for five Days * Bostar through vexation of Mind and Famine together dy'd. But Hamilcar being a Man of a great Spirit held out still, though he saw no hopes of Relief. But told her how careful he had been of her Husband, and intreated her with Tears to Compassion; but she was so far from being touch'd with the least sense of Humanity, that this cruel Woman shut up the Carkass with him for five Days together in that close Hole, and gave him meat only to keep him alive, that he might be the longer sensible of his miserable Condition. Hamilcar therefore now despiaring by intreating or begging to move her to Pity, began to call upon Jupiter, and cry out to the rest of the Gods, who took care of Mankind, to revenge him upon the Woman, and repay her with just and due Punishment.
However, in the midst of all these Torments he was kept alive, till through the Mercy of the Gods, or some good Fortune, he was wonderfully and unexpectedly delivered. For even when he was upon the Point of Death, through the stench of the dead Body, and other Miseries he lay under, some of the meaner Servants belonging to the House told it some others abroad, who in indignation to such a piece of Cruelty and Wickedness, forthwith inform'd the Tribunes of the People of this horrid Fact. Whereupon, when it was discover'd, the Magistrates sent for the Attillii, who for branding the Roman Name with such a dishonourable Mark of barbarous Cruelty, escap'd very narrowly being put to Death; but the Magistrates threatned the Attillii severely to punish them if they did not for the future use their Prisoners civilly, and take due care of them. They imputed most that was done to their Mother, and burning the Body of Bostar, sent the Ashes back to his own Country, and freed Amilcar from the Distress and Calamity he had groan'd under.
THE Carthaginians who had been at War with the Romans for the possession of Sicily, now Four and Twenty Years, suffer'd not so much by that War as they did by their Mercenary Soldiers whom they had injur'd: For designing to defraud them of Page 753 their Pay, they were in a fair way of losing both their Sovereign Authority and their Country together, for the Mercenaries resented the Injury to that degree, that they forthwith revolted, and brought the Carthaginians into miserable Distresses.
2. The Carthaginians sent a Trumpet to the Revolters, to desire liberty to bury them that were slain in the Battel. But Spondius, and the rest of the Captains of the Revolters, with barbarous Cruelty, not only deny'd that, but warn'd them upon their Peril not to send any more Messengers to them upon any account whatsoever, for if they did, they should suffer the same Punishment. And they then made an Order, that every Carthaginian they took Prisoner should be put to Death in the same manner as they before mentioned were, and that their Confederates which should be taken should have their Hands cut off, and so sent back to Carthage. This Cruelty of Spondius was the reason that Hamilcar was forc'd to cast off his former Lenity, and retaliate the same Cruelty upon the Prisoners taken by the Carthaginians: And therefore after he had first Rack'd and Tormented the Captives, he then cast them to the Elephants, who trod and trampled them under-foot, so as they dy'd most miserably.
3. The Hippacrineans and Uticans revolted from the Carthaginians, and kill'd the Carthaginian Garrison, and threw them over the Walls, and would not suffer them to be bury'd, though it was desir'd by the Carthaginians.
Hamilcar, Sirnam'd Barca, perform'd many great and excellent Services to the advantage of his Country, both against the Romans in Sicily, and in Africa against the Mercenaries and the Lybians, who revolted from the Carthaginians, and streightly besieg'd Carthage it self. For in both these Wars he perform'd noble Actions with great Valour and Prudence, and therefore was highly honour'd by all the Citizens. But after the War was ended in Africa, he got together a Body of Lewd Fellow; and having enrich'd himself with the Spoils of his Enemies, and by his Actions gain'd a great Interest and the Love of the People, he prevail'd so far as that he was created Generalissimo of all Lybia for a little time.
1. HAnnibal was naturally of a warlike Spirit, and Train'd up in Martial Affairs from a Child; and having been for many years together in several Expeditions with the greatest Captains, he learnt a great deal of Experience in matters of War, so that being by Nature prompt to Feats of Arms, and improv'd likewise by daily Exercise for a long time in the Wars, he look'd very big upon it, in expectation of doing great things.
2. Minucius being overcome by Hannibal, it was evident by the Event that he ruin'd all by his Imprudence and Unskilfulness; but Fabius by his Valour and Policy preserv'd the Common-wealth.
3. Dorimarchus the Provincial Governor of the Aetolians committed a most impious Fact; for he robb'd the Famous Temple of Jupiter Dodonaeus, and afterwards burnt the whole except the Treasury.
4. Hannibal's Army having for a long time together glutted themselves with the Riches and Pleasures of Campania, became wholly degenerated; for their Luxury, Soft Beds, Ointments, and all sorts of delicate Fare, took away their Courage, and made them unfit to endure hardship, and caus'd both their Bodies and Souls to degenerate into Effeminacy.
5. When Hannibal had spoken much against the cruelty and malice of the Romans, or rather their pride and arrogancy, he put to the Sword the Senators Sons, and their Relations (which he pickt out of the rest of the Captives,) in this manner revenging himself upon the Senate.
6. Hannibal being possess'd with an implacable Hatred against the Romans, pickt out from amongst the Captives such as he thought fittest for single Combat, and matcht them one with another, and commanded them to fight Brothers with Brothers, Fathers with Children, and Kinsmen with Kinsmen. In this barbarous Injunction, who cannot but justly abhor the cruelty of the Carthaginians, and admire the Piety, Patience and Constancy of the Romans, in the midst of their most grievous Sufferings! For tho' they were tormented with Fire-Goads and cruel stripes, yet none would be brought to lift up their hands against their Friends and Relations, but all unmovable dy'd in the Anguish of their Sufferings, keeping themselves pure and unspotted from the Guilt of destroying one another.
Page 754 7. When Gelo and Hiero Kings of Sicily were dead in Syracuse, and Hieronymus, who was very raw and young, succeeded, the Kingdom was but ill supply'd with a Governour; for being flatter'd and sooth'd up by his Friends, he fell into Luxury, Debauchery, and Tyrannical Cruelty. For he Ravish'd many Men's Wives, Murther'd his Friends that advis'd him; confiscated the Goods of many without hearing them, and gave their Estates to the flattering Informers; which first stirr'd up the hatred of the People against him, then put them upon Plotting, which broke out at last and ended in his destruction; the common Lot of Tyrants in such cases.
8. When Hiero was kill'd, the Syracusians call'd a Senate, where it was decreed that all the Kindred of the Tyrant should be put to death, both Man and Woman, and that none of his Race or Family should be left alive.
9. When the dead Body of Semprenius Gracchus was sent by Mago to Hannibal, the Soldiers seeing it lie upon the ground, cry'd out to have it cut in pieces, and to be hurl'd away piece by piece out of Slings. But Hannibal having an Object before his Eyes to instruct him in the uncertainty and unconstancy of Fortune, and honouring and admiring likewise the Valour of the Man, said it was an unworthy thing to wreak a Man's Anger upon a speechless Carcass; and afterwards celebrated his Funeral with all the marks of Honour and Respect, and civilly sent his Bones and Ashes in an Urn to the Roman Camp.
9. When Syracuse was taken, all the Citizens went forth to meet Marcellus with Olive-branches in their hands; and he told them he would spare all the Lives of those that were Freemen of the City, but all their Goods should be a prey for his Soldiers.
10. The Carthaginians after they had made an end of the Libyck War, severely punish'd the Micatanian Numidians, with their Wives and Children; for they crucify'd all their Captives, insomuch as their posterity ever since remembring the Cruelty executed upon their Forefathers, are most implacable Enemies to the Carthaginians.
11. But the Valour of Hasdruball is not to be passed over in silence. For he was the Son of Amilcar Barca, the bravest Captain of his Age, who in the Sicilian War was the only General that often overcame the Romans, and having put an happy end to the Civil War, was the first that past over with an Army into Spain; and this Hasdrubal approv'd himself a Son not unworthy the Honour and Dignity of such a Father. For he was generally own'd to be the best Soldier, (next to Hannibal his Brother) of all the Carthaginian Commanders, and therefore he was left General of all the Forces in Spain by Hannibal, where he fought many Battles, and freeing his Army many times from the Straits they were in, he often ran himself into many great Dangers: and being at •ength forc'd up into the heart of the Country, far from the Sea, upon the account of his Valour he got together a mighty Army, and at last came unexpectedly into Italy.
12. Nabis King of Lacedemon Murthered P•l•ps, the Son of ••curg•• the former King, when he was but a very Child; for he was afraid when he was grown up to Man's Estate, he would seek to free and rescue his Country, upon the account of his being of the Blood-Royal. And for this reason he put to death the Nobility of Sparta, and hir'd the basest and most abject Fellows, wherever he could find 'em, to be his Life guard, and protect him in his Dominion: So that Robbers of Temples, Thieves, Highway-men, and Condemn'd Persons flock'd from all places to Sparta. For stepping up into the Throne by wickedness, he had no hopes to keep what he had so wickedly got, but only by the help of such Prophane and Impious Fellows.
13. The Cretians Rigg'd out Seven Ships for Piracy, and robb'd many Passengers at Sea, whereupon the Merchants being altogether discourag'd, the Rhodians looking upon it to belong to them to redress this Mischief, proclaim'd War against the Cretians.
14. Pleminius was left Governor of Locris by Scipio; and being a p•ofliga•• wretch, he forc'd open the Treasury of Proserpina, and carry'd away all the Sacred Treasure. The Locrians enrag'd at the Fact, Address'd themselves to the People of Rome, and intreated their Relief according to their usual Faith; whereupon, Two Military Tribunes seem much offended with the Impious Fact committed, and sharply rebuk'd Pleminius; not that they were really angry at what was done, but because they themselves had no part of the Money. But in a short time after, the Goddess paid them all home for their Impiety. For this was reported to be the most Famous Temple of all that were in Italy, and in all Ages before that time (through the care of the Inhabitants) had remain'd safe and unviolated. For at the time when Pyrrhus transported his Forces out of Sicily to Locris, and his Soldiers were pressing upon him for Pay, he was forc'd to make use of this Sacred Treasure: but in returning back (they say) he suffred much, his whole Fleet being dispers'd, shatter'd and torn in pieces by a •ierce and violent Tempest, and Page 755 therefore Pyrrhus himself, out of a Religious Reverence to the Goddess, endeavour'd to pacify her, and restor'd every penny of the Money before he left the Country. But the Tribunes before mentioned pretending to abhorr the Sacrilege, sided with the Locrians, and rebuking Pleminius for his Crime, threatned severely to punish him. The Quarrel growing hotter and hotter, it came at length to blows, and the Tribunes threw Pliminius upon the ground, and bit off his Ears and Nose, and slic'd off both his Lips; but afterwards Pliminius caus'd the Tribunes to be seiz'd, and whipp'd them to death with Rods. In the mean time the Senate and People of Rome, through a Religious awe of the Gods, were in great concern about this Sacrilegious Act; and upon this occasion the Enemies of Publius Scipio having got an opportunity to cast Durt upon him, accus'd him as if he had been the Adviser of Pliminius, and that he had done all by his Order and Command. Whereupon by a Decree of the Senate, two Tribunes of the People and an Aedilis were sent into Sicily with Orders to bring Scipio forthwith to Rome, if they found that the Sacrilege was committed by his Command or Connivance; but if they could not discover any such thing, that then they should suffer him to Transport the Forces over into Africa. While they were upon their Journey Scipio sent for Pliminius and cast him into Goal; and every day with great care and diligence exercis'd the Soldiers; at which the Tribunes of the People did so admire, that they highly commended him. But Pliminius being brought bound to Rome, the Senate forthwith committed him to prison, and a short time after he dy'd there in custody. His Goods were all Devoted to Proserpina, and what they fell short to make satisfaction, was decreed by the Senate to be supply'd out of the publick Treasury, and that it should be death for any Soldier not to restore what Goods or Money soever he had in his hand, that were taken out of the Treasury of Proserpina's Temple, and further decreed that the Locrians should be free.
15. Scipio when he saw Syphax among other prisoners led up to him in Chains, at the first fell a weeping, to consider the former Royal State and Dignity of the Person; resolving therefore to use his fortunate success with moderation and humanity, Commanded that Syphax should be freed from his Chains, and gave up his Tent to him for the reception of him and his Royal Family; and keeping him as a prisoner (yet with all the liberty imaginable) often courteously convers'd with him, and entertain'd him at his Table.
16. Sophonisba (who was first the Wife of Masinissa, and afterwards of Syphax, but being taken prisoner was gain'd again by Masinissa) was a Woman of an admirable Beauty, and by her cunning tricks and charming devices could obtain whatever she pleas'd: and being confederated with the Carthaginians her Countrymen, ply'd her Husband every day to fall off from the Romans; which when Syphax was assur'd of, he acquainted Scipio with the design, and caution'd him to have a special care of that Woman; all which being confirm'd likewise by Laelius, Scipio commanded the Lady to be brought to him, which Masinissa refusing, he threatned him severely; at which Masinissa was so concern'd, that he order'd that some should be sent from Scipio to fetch her away: but in the mean time he went into his Tent, and forc'd Sophonisba to drink off a Cup of Poison.
17. Scipio through his Clemency and Compassion towards all the prisoners he took, for ever after was secure of Masinissa as a faithful and constant Confederate.
18. Hannibal call'd together his Confederates, and told them that he must of necessity pass over into Africa, and that he had provided shipping for all those that were willing to go along with him; Some agreed to the thing; but as to those that chose rather to continue in Italy, he compass'd round with his Army, and gave his Soldiers liberty to pick out as many of them as they pleas'd, to be their Captives; and the rest, to the number of Twenty thousand Foot, and Three thousand Horse he put to the Sword, together with a vast number of Cattle.
19 Four thousand Horse of those that went over to Masinissa after the Rout of Syphax, deserted him and came in to Hannibal: But he enrag'd at them, encompass'd them round with his Army, and shot them all to death with Darts and Arrows, and divided their Horses amongst his Soldiers.
20. Scipio sent Ambassadors to Carthage, but the common People were on the point to have knock'd them all on the head: But the sober Men of the City preserv'd them from that imminent danger, and got 'em a Ship-board, in order to send them back to Scipio's Camp: But those that were popular, and sided with the People in Carthage, order'd the Master of the Vessel, that when the Ship wherein the Ambassadors were, began to Sail, he should throw all over-board, which he perform'd accordingly.
However, the Ambassadors swam to land and got safe to Scipio; But the Gods within a short time after, by a remarkable Instance; evidenc'd their Power to punish those that Page 756 design'd so wicked a Fact. For it happn'd about that time the Carthaginian Ambassadors were returning from Rome, and were driven by a Storm into the midst of the Roman Fleet, and brought to Scipio; and when all cry'd out to retaliate the wickdness of the other upon the Heads of the Ambassadors that were then taken, Scipio utterly refus'd, saying, That they themselves ought not to do that, for which they blam'd the Carthaginians. They were therefore all discharg'd, and came safe to Carthage, and highly extoll'd the Piety of the Romans.
21. Philip King of Macedon persuaded Dicaeardus the Aetolian, a daring Man, to act the Pirate at Sea, and to that end deliver'd to him Twenty Ships, with order to exact Tribute from the Islands, and assist the Cretians against Rhodes; Hereupon, according to his Orders, he robb'd and spoil'd the Merchants, and wasting the Islands, screw'd abundance of Money from them.
22. Philip the Macedonian King had with him one Heraclides a Tarrentine a wicked fellow, that in private was always buzzing him in the Ears with Calumnies and false Accusations against Philip's best Friends, and egg'd him on at length to that height of Impiety, that he put to death five of the Senators; so that King Philip's Affairs by degrees declin'd and went worse and worse: For undertaking Wars frivolously and unnecessarily, he was in danger to have lost his whole Kingdom to the Romans: for none of his Friends durst speak any more freely to him, or advise him, all fearing his stubborn and haughty Humour. He made War likewise upon the Dardanians without the least provocation given him, and kill'd 10000 of them in a Battle.
23. This Philip King of Macedon, besides his rooted Covetousness, was so lifted up with his prosperous Successes, that he put his friends to death without any legal Trial or just Cause, and robb'd and spoil'd the Temples and Sepulchres. In like manner Antiochus attempting to rob the Temple of Jupiter in Aelymais there receiv'd a just Overthrow with the loss of his Life and Ruine of his whole Army; And both of them conceiting their Armies were Unconquerable, lost all in one Battle, and were forc'd to receive Laws impos'd upon them by others; and imputed their Misfortunes to their own Miscarriages, and acknowledg'd themselves beholding to the Humanity and Generosity of the Victors, for the pardon of their Offences; and according to the desert of their own wicked Actions, they saw their Kingdoms, through the Anger of the Gods, grievously plagu'd and aflicted. But the Romans then, and ever after, beginning no Wars but upon just and Honourable Terms, and having a Sacred Regard to their Leagues and Oaths, were always deservedly assisted in all their Councils and Designs by the Gods.
24. The same Philip being in extream want of Provision, continually wasted and spoil'd the Country of Attalus, up to the very Gates of of Pergamena. He ruin'd likewise the Temples in the Suburbs of Pergamus, especially Nicephorus that was exceeding Rich. Besides several other sumptuous Fabricks; for out of hatred against Attalus, because he could not catch him, he executed his Rage upon these places.
25. Philip entring into Attica encamp'd at Cynosarges, and afterwards burnt Acadamia, demolisht the Sepulchres, and robb'd the Temples of the Gods, and gratifying his Rage and Fury, as if he had been only incens'd against the People of Athens, and not against the Gods themselves, as he was spoke ill of before, so he was now hated of all, and in a short time he was overtaken by the Vengeance of the Gods, for he was near being ruin'd by his own imprudence, but preserv'd by the Clemency of the Romans.
26. Philip discerning he was hated by almost all the Macedonians, for his kindness to Heraclides, put him in Prison. This Heraclides was a Tarrentine, a notorious wicked fellow, who from a mild and gentle Prince, chang'd Philip into a fierce and cruel Tyrant, and therefore * he was exceedingly hated by all the Grecians, as well as the Macedonians.
27. The Name and Fame of Hannibal, was nois'd over all the World, and therefore in every City and Town where ever he came, they came in great Multitudes to look at him.
28. Ptolemy King of Aegypt, for some time Reign'd with great Commendation: But afterwards corrupted by Parasites, he began to have an evil Eye towards his Tutor Aristomenes, for his freedom in telling him of his faults, who had all along manag'd every thing with great prudence, and whose advice Philip had before follow'd as his Father; but at length he sent him out of the World, by forcing him to drink off a Cup of Poyson. From that time growing more and more fierce, and raging, making use of Tyrannical cruelty, and not of Regal Authority, he was hated by the Aegyptians, and not far off from the loss of his Kingdom.
29. Ther's a Temple not far off from Chalcis, call'd. Delium; * where a considerable
For which the King was greatly condemn'd and censur'd by the Grecians, as occasioning by this wicked Fact, a War with the Romans. And therefore Titus Flaminius who was then at Corinth, call'd Gods and Men to Witness, that the King was the first that began the War.
30. Antiochus Winter'd at Demetrias, where he laid aside all care of Warlike Affairs, being then above Fifty Years of Age: But he fell in Love with a young Lady, and Married her, and set forth most magnificent Shews, and publick Games; by which means he not only weakned his own Body, and effeminated his Mind, but infeebled the Courage of his Army; and therefore his Soldiers, who had passed the Winter in Luxury and Voluptuousness, after they were drawn out of their Winter Quarters, could neither endure hunger nor thirst, or any other hardship, but some of them fell Sick, and others straggled about here and there far from their Colours.
31. King Antiochus seeing the Cities of Thessaly inclining to the Romans, and the slow Motion of the Forces he expected out of Asia, and the carelesness and sloath of the Aetolians, continually framing and and pretending one excuse after another, was in great strait, and very uneasie; so that he was highly incens'd at those that advis'd him to begin the War, when he was unprepar'd, and had no Confederates, but only the Aetolians: But he greatly admir'd Hannibal for his Prudence; who diswaded him to the contrary, and therefore now repos'd all his Confidence in him; and whereas before he suspected him, •e now made use of him as his most trusty Friend and Councellor.
32. Antiochus wholly discourag'd by his late Rout, determin'd to leave Europe, and only be on the Defensive part in Asia, and order'd all the Lysimachians to forsake the City, and pass over into Asia: For which every Body censur'd him as for a very imprudent Act, whereby without a stroak struck, he gave up into the Enemies hands, a City so advantageously scituated, as might have given a Stop to the Enemies passage out of Europe into Asia, as afterwards by experience was found true; for Scipio seizing upon Lysimachia thus deserted, made great advantage of it for the transporting of his Army.
33. Marcus Fulvius the Praetor, was deservedly punish'd for his abuse of the Roman Confederates in Liguria: For he disarm'd the Cinomani, who receiv'd him as a Friend, and an Allie, although he could find nothing against them; which thing coming to the Consul's Ears, he ordered him to restore their Arms, and impos'd a Mulct upon him.
34. King Antiochus being in want of Money, and hearing there were vast Treasures of Gold and Silver and other precious Jewels, of offerings made in the Temple of Jupiter Belus, in Elymais, resolv'd to rifle it. Coming therefore into the Province of Elymais, and pretending that the Inhabitants of that Place had rais'd a War against him; he robb'd the Temple, and got together a great Sum of Money, but in a short time after, the Gods executed vengeance upon him for his Sacrilege.
35. Philopemenes Governour of Achaia, was both an excellent Soldier and a Statesman, who all his Life long was of a blameless Conversation, and had been frequently Praetor; and having govern'd the Commonwealth for Forty Years together, much advanc▪d the affairs of Achaia, and was always affable and courteous to the meanest, and for his virtue was admir'd both by the Grècians and Romans, and yet came at last to an unfortunate End: but by a Divine Providence his unhappy Exit was recompens'd after his death with Divine Honours, for besides what was publickly decreed by the Achaians in honour of him, the Citizens built a Temple in remembrance of him, and appointed a Bull for a yearly Sacrifice to him, and ordered young Men to sing Hymns in praise and commendation of his noble Acts.
36. Hannibal was the most expert General, and perform'd the greatest Enterprizes of any of the Carthaginians; he was never troubl'd with any Mutinies in his Army, but by his prudent Conduct, kept them in their duty and orderly discipline, tho' they differ'd as much one from another in their several humours, as they did in their various Languages.
For whereas those of his own Nation were us'd commonly upon every slight occasion, to desert and fly to the Enemy, none under him durst ever attempt any such thing.
And tho' he March'd from place to place with very great Armies, yet he never wanted either Money or Provision. And that which is most remarkable is, that the Foreigners and Mercenary Soldiers lov'd him as well, if not more, than they did who were his own Country Men. Keeping therefore his Army in exact discipline, he perform'd the greater and more renown'd Actions. For he made War upon the most potent Nations, and wasted and harrass'd almost all Italy, for the space of Seventeen years. Page 758 He was, so Victorious in every Battle he Fought, and made such terrible Slaughters among them that were reputed the Lords of the World, that by reason of the Multitudes that were cut off by him, none durst look him in the Face, to Engage him in Battle.
He laid likewise many Cities in Ashes, which he took by Storm, and almost depopulated Italy that was before full of People: all which as they were accomplish'd by the Strength and Wealth of his own fellow Citizens, so likewise by great numbers of Foreign Auxiliaries and Confederates, those that by their Unanimousness were unconquerable, he overcame by Policy and Warlike Stratagems; and so made it evident, that as the Soal governs the Actions of the Body, so a General rules and directs all to a right end, in an Army.
37. P. Scipio, when he was but very young, perform'd great and wonderful things in Spain, beyond all Mens expectations, and having beaten the Carthaginians, deliver'd his Country from imminent Perils, and compell'd Hannibal, who was not to be overcome by force of Arms, to leave Italy without fighting a stroke, and at last by his Valour and Military Conduct overcame Hannibal in a great Battle, and brought Carthage to stoop to the Roman Yoke.
38. Leocritus General of King Pharnaces, after he had often assaulted the City Pius, at length forc'd the Mercenary Soldiers who defended the place, to surrender the Town upon Condition, That they should be safely conducted to what place soever they pleas'd to go; who when they were march'd out of the City, and brought on their way according to the Capitulation, Leocritus (who was ordered by Pharnaces to put them all to the Sword, because they had formerly incens'd him) against the Faith of the Articles, as they were upon their march, fell upon them, and with Darts slew them every Man.
39. Seleucus having rais'd a great Army, and on his march to assist Pharnaces, was now ready to pass over Mount Taurus, but recollecting and calling to mind the League the Romans had made with his Father, by which it was not lawful—
40. But they who had committed such a notorious Wicked Fact, and had Murder'd Demetrius, escap'd not Divine Vengeance. For those who contriv'd the false Accusations from Rome, within a while after incurred the Displeasure of the King, and were put to Death; and for Philip himself, he was restless all the days of his Life, and so much troubled in Conscience for the Murder of so hopeful a Son, that he liv'd not two years after, but pin'd away with extremity of Grief. And Perseus, the Author and Contriver of the whole, being conquer'd by the Romans, and flying to Samothracia, by reason of the wickedness of the Fact executed by him in the Murder of his Brother, could find no sanctuary in that holy Temple.
41. Tiberius Gracchus being sent Lieutenant General into Spain, vigorously manag'd the War: for tho' he was very young, yet for Valour and Prudence he excell'd his equals in age, and gave such evident signs of doing great things, that he was admir'd by all.
42. Paulus Aemilius, the Consul and Patron of the Macedonians, was a Man Eminent for Nobleness of Birth, Prudence and Comliness of Person, and therefore all Marks of Honour were conferr'd upon him by the Romans his Countreymen. Every one eccho'd forth his Praise while he was alive, and after his Death his Fame and Renown, together with Profit and Advantage by his Valour procur'd to the Commonwealth, surviv'd him.
43. Antiochus now newly advanc'd to the Throne of Syria, began a new Course of Life unusual with other Kings and Princes. For first he would privately steal out of his Palace unknown to any of his Attendants, and walk up and down in the City, calling one or another to him where he came as he thought fit; Then he took a Pride in being Familiar and drinking with Ordinary Fellows and Mean and Poor Travellers and Strangers; and if perchance he discern'd any young Men were met together at a set time to celebrate a Festival, he would presently clap himself down amongst them with his Cup in his Hand, and be one of the Quire; so that many were often so startled with the strangeness of the thing that they would run away, and others through fear struck into amaze, not able to say a Word. Lastly, he would lay aside his Royal Robes, and put on a Roman Gown; and in imitation of the Candidates at Rome that were seeking for Preferments, would salute and hug every Ordinary Fellow he met in the Street, and sometime desiring they would make choice of him to be Aedile, and other times to be a Tribune of the People.
Having at length obtain'd the Office he desir'd, he would seat himself upon an Ivory Tribunal, and after the Roman manner hear Causes, and was so earnest and diligent in the Decision of Controversies, both between Foreigners and Citizens, that the most Page 759 Prudent and Serious amongst them knew not what to think of him, what he aim'd at or design'd; for some gave a favourable Construction of it, others accounted it Folly, and some no other than downright Madness.
44. After Eumenes was way-laid, and news came to Pergamus that he was dead; Attalus something too rashly, hand over head, on a sudden Marry'd the Queen; but Eumenes returning a little time after, took no notice of it, but embrac'd his Brother, and carried with the same Respect towards him, as he did before.
45. Cotys, King of Thrace, was Valiant in War, and Prudent in his Counsels, and highly to be commended for his Care and Diligence in all other Respects; besides all which he was of singular Temperance and Sobriety; and that which was most remarkable for his Honour and Commendation was, That he was altogether free from the Natural Vices of the Thracians.
46. Perseus having taken Chalestrus by Storm, put all that were able to bear Arms to the Sword; and whereas Five hundred of the Garrison Soldiers got into a Fort, and Treated for their Lives, the King upon laying down their Arms gave them Quarter, and liberty to be gone. But when they were out of the Town, and on their way, ac¦cording to the Terms granted them, the Macedonians (whether of their own heads, or by order from the King is uncertain) pursued them and flew them every Man.
47. Charopus the Epiros and Son of that Charopus who in the War against Philip, sent a Guide to Titus Flaminius to direct him through the Strait and difficult Passes in the Mountains, by which means the Romans unexpectedly passing those places, possessed themselves of the Straits; this Charopus I say being bred up at Rome, upon the account of the good Services of his Grandfather to the Romans, had great Interest with the most Eminent Persons of Quality, and being a fellow of extraordinary Malice and Impudence, was ever and anon at Rome accusing and slandering the chiefest Persons of Quality in Epirus, so that by terrifying all that were in a Capacity to oppose him, he became as it were absolute Lord and Master of all Epirus.Cephalus therefore, and others that were oppressed by his Calumnies, were forc'd to Confederate with Perseus, and to that end, sent Messengers to him into Macedonia, and by them promis'd to deliver up Epirus into his hands.
48. King Eumenes being out of all hopes of taking Abdera which he he had then besieg'd, dealt under-hand with one Pytho, a chief Man among the Abderites, who by his Servants and Freemen, to the number of 200, Guarded the strongest part of the City; this Man being corrupted with Bribes, and won with fair promises, let him in at the Gates, and so Eumenes gain'd the City. But Pytho receiving but a poor and mean Reward for his Treason, and seeing before his Eyes the utter Ruin and Destruction of his Country, repented of what he had done, and pin'd away for Grief.
49. When an Opportunity was put into the hand of Perseus, to cut off the whole Army, he loyter'd not far off, about Dius in Macedonia, careless and negligent in the very nick of time, wherein only by a Shout and sound of Trumpet, he might have surpriz'd and taken all the Enemies Forces, who were then shut up and inclos'd within steep and craggy Rocks: And as the King was Negligent, so the Macedonian Guards that were plac'd upon the tops of the Mountains, were in like manner as Careless in their Watch, in their several Posts.
50. Perseus looking upon all to be lost, and altogether discourag'd, commanded Nico his Lord Treasurer, to throw all the Money and Treasure at Phacis into the Sea.
He sent away likewise Andronicus the Squire of his Body to Thessalonica, with orders forthwith to burn his whole Fleet; who came accordingly to Thessalonica, but with a purpose to Act more prudently; for he forbore to execute his Orders, hoping by preserving the Shipping, to ingratiate himself with the Romans.
51. Perseus in the mean time pulling down all the golden Statues at Dion, ordered all the Inhabitants with their Wives and Children to remove along with him to Pydna, than which (a Man may justly say) nothing was more Imprudently done by Perseus, during this War.
52. At this time the Cydoniates committed a most Impious Fact against all the Laws and Customs of Greece; for being receiv'd by the Apolloniats into the City, as Friends in time of Peace, they seiz'd upon the Place, and put all the Men to the Sword, and divided their Wives and Children among themselves, and took possession of the whole Territory.
Page 760 53. King Antiochus, when he had routed the Aegyptians, and might have cut them off every Man, rid about and call'd out to his Men to forbear killing them, but rather to take them Prisoners; from which Councel he reap'd considerable Advantage in a short time; for upon the account of this Humanity, he presently gain'd Pelusium, and not long after all Aegypt.
54. But we cannot (observing the method we have propos'd to our selves) pass by the Cowardice of Ptolemy, for who can but judge him of a most effeminate Spirit, that would without a stroke struck, give up so great and rich a Kingdom, when there was not the least danger at hand, and the Enemy at so great a distance from him. Which Effeminateness if it had been Natural, would perhaps have been more excusable: But being it was apparent from the things he afterwards did, that he was a Prince inferior to none for Industry and Resolution, this Sloath must needs be imputed to his Education under the Euuuch, who breeding him up from his Childhood in Pleasures, and Womanish Recreations, Emasculated the vigour of his Spirit.
55. King Antiochus seem'd to all to be a prudent and active Prince, and worthy of the Kindom in every respect, excepting that one miscarriage at Pelusium.
56. When Perseus understood that a choice Body of Gauls had pass'd the River Ister, in order to assist him, he greatly rejoyc'd, and sent Messengers into Maedica to hasten their March with all speed. But the General of the Galls demanded present Pay, according to the Agreement, to the value of about 500 Talents, which Perseus through his natural Covetousness, refusing to pay, tho' he had before promis'd it, the Gauls return'd back into their own Country.
57. Paulus Aemilius, as soon as he had receiv'd the Legions, call'd them together, and put Life and Spirit into the Hearts of his Soldiers; for he was now above 60 Years of Age, and a Man of great Repute and Authority among the Romans, for his noble Services to the State: And he had invented many new and subtil Stratagems in that War, and by his Valour and Policy, had overcome the Macedonians.
58. Perseus desirous to have many to go along with him, when he fled by Sea, brought out to them Money and rich Furniture, to the value of 60 Talents, to take and carry away with them. Afterwards when he arriv'd at Galepsus, he told his Companions that some of those things that he had suffer'd them to carry away, were formerly the Goods of Alexander, and desir'd they would forthwith restore them to them, and he would repay them to the value in Money: To which all readily consented, and he receiv'd every thing back again, but never made good his promise.
59. Alexander was of a far different temper from Perseus, for the former was of a brave and noble Spirit, and gain'd an Empire like to the greatness of his Mind. On the contrary, the other through his sordid Covetousness, lost the Assistance of the Galls, and by such like gross miscarriages, utterly ruin'd an Ancient flourishing Kingdom.
60. After the flight of Perseus, Lucius Aemilius began to seek for his younger Son PubliusAfricanas, who was the natural Son of Aemilius, but the adopted Son of Scipio, who overcame Hannibal. At that time he was a youth about Seventeen years of Age, and under the Care and Tutorage of his Father, in that great and perilous War, so that afterwards he became as famous a General as his Father. Being at length found out, and brought safe into the Camp, the Consul was at rest, and freed from that anxiety of Mind he labour'd under; for he lov'd him with a more than a Paternal Affection.
61. Aemilius by his Civil and Courteous usage of Perseus, entertaining him at his Table, and receiving him into all publick Councils, gave evident Demonstrations, that as he was a terrour to his Enemies in the open Field, so he was Mild and Merciful to them that were Subdu'd: Which course being follow'd by others, Rome became Mistress of the World, without Envy, and so continu'd as long as it made use of such noble Generals.
62. For in former times when the Romans had overcome those two potent Kings Antiochus and Philip, they not only forbore inflicting punishment, but restor'd them to their Kingdoms, and took them into the number of their Allies. And in these later times, after many Battles sought with Perseus, and overcoming many great hazards and difficulties, and after they had possess'd themselves of all Macedonia, beyond all Mens hopes and expectations, they proclaim'd liberty to all the Cities; which favour neither the Macedonians nor any Body else could ever expect should have been granted by the Romans, because they were very Conscious to themselves how much they had injur'd the Roman State. For they judg'd (and that most justly) that there was no room left for mercy, being that they had before been pardon'd former Wrongs and Injuries.
Page 761 But the Senate forgot all that was past, and carry'd themselves towards them with great Clemency and Generosity. For they suffer'd Perseus to go at large, only with a keeper; a punishment less than his demerit, who against the Faith of his League, and the Obligation of his Kindred and Alliance to the Romans, had most unjustly made War upon them; and they set Free all the People of Macedonia, (whom by the Law of Arms they might have made perpetual Slaves,) and with that readiness and nobleness of Mind, beyond all that the Conquer'd themselves could have desir'd. The Illyrians likewise whom they had Subdu'd, they suffer'd to use their own Laws; for they made it more their concern to do what became the Majesty and Grandeur of the Romans, in carrying it Nobly towards others, without Pride and Insolency in Prosperity, than that they look'd upon the Barbarians any way worthy of such Favour.
63. The Senate decreed the Macedonians and Illyrians to be free, and that they should pay but half of that Tribute to Romans, which they paid to their own Kings.
64. Perseus thus thrown into the Goal, miserably ended his days in such sad and uncomfortable Circumstances.
The rest is to be found in the Fragments, Book 31. in Photius his Bibliotheca, at the end of Diodorus Siculus. Fragm. 2.
65. The General of the Gauls being return'd from the pursuit of the Enemy, gather'd the Captives together, and committed a most horrid piece of Wickedness; for he pickt out the Choicest and Strongest young Men amongst them, and Sacrific'd them to the Gods, as if the Immortal Dieties are pleas'd with such Sacrifices. The rest he shot to death with Darts, (most of whom of Ancient acquaintance) he well knew; however former Friendship was no Argument to spare a Man of them. Thus are Barbarians puft up with prosperous Successes.
66. Eumenes far different from Perseus, not only paid his Soldiers what was their due Pay, but bestow'd on them several Gifts besides, with promises of more afterwards, whereby he gain'd all their Hearts, and held them fast to his Interest. But Perseus when 20000 Galls were near at hand ready to assist him, through his niggardliness refus'd their aid and assistance; but Aeumenes, tho' he was nothing near so rich as the other, oblig'd his Mercenaries and all others that might be helpful to him by his Bounty and Liberality And therefore Perseus sinking below the Generosity of a King, and enslaving himself to a covetous and sordid Parsimony, liv'd to see all the Wealth he had heap'd up together, with his whole Kingdom fall into the hands of the Conqueror. But the other, preferring Victory before any thing else, not only freed his own Kingdom from the imminent dangers it labour'd under, but brought the whole Nation of the Gauls into subjection.
67. Some of the Councils and Acts of Antiochus were both Princely, and admirable, others so poor and mean, that they were justly despis'd and ridicul'd. For when he celebrated publick Games, he first acted contrary to the manner and practice of all other Kings: for they when they were strengthening themselves all they could with Men and Money, it was their greatest care to keep all private and secret, out of fear of the Roman Greatness: But he on the contrary invited to his Sports the most eminent Persons from all parts of the World, and most Magnificently Adorn'd every part of his Palace; and thus bringing together all the Riches of his Kingdom into one place to be expos'd, as it wereupon a Stage, to the view of all, he occasion'd every thing he did to be known and blaz'd abroad.
68. And in the State, Grandeur, and variety of those famous Games, Antiochus far excell'd all the Princes that ever were before him: But that part which he himself acted in those Maygames, was very despicable and contemptible. For he would ride up and down among all that Solemn Assembly upon a little Nag, meanly accoutred, bidding some go on, others to stop, and Commanding this and that, as best pleas'd his own fancy; so that if his Diadem had been off, none would have believ'd him to have been a King, who scarce represented the Garb and Meen of a common Officer. All the time of the publick Entertainment he stood at the Door, and introduc'd some, and order'd others to sit down, and Usher'd in the Servants that brought in the Dishes. Some times also he would go to some one of the Guests, and sit down by him, and at othertimes lay himself along on the floor; and then would start up on a sudden and hop up and down, sometimes placing dishes of Meat upon the Table, and other times washing the drinking Cups, and diligently observing every thing round the Room, would pledge those that drank to him standing, sporting and jesting with those that were merrily dispos'd. When it drew towards Evening, and most were gone, he was wrapt up in Linen and brought in by the Anticks and laid upon the ground; and presently after (as if he were call'd) he started up on a sudden naked, and in a jocund Humour, danced Page 762 in most ridiculous Gestures with the Mimicks and Stage-Players; insomuch as all being dasht out of countenance through shame withdrew and left the place. Every one indeed that came to the Solemnity, as often as they cast their Eyes upon the sumptuous Furniture, and the Stately and Magnificent Order and Disposal of the whole, in the Celebration of the Sports and Games, admir'd both the King and the Riches of his Kingdom; but when they lookt upon the King himself, and his Irregular Actions, they scarce believ'd it was possible there could so many Vices and Virtues be found to Concenter in one and the same Person.
69. When the Solemnity was ended Tiberius Gracchus arriv'd as an Ambassador sent to inspect into the Affairs of Syria, whom the King receiv'd and entertain'd with so much Kindness and Civility, that Gracchus did not in the least suspect any ill Designs in the King, nor discern'd that he took any thing amiss in relation to what was done in Aegypt. But Antiochus in truth was far from such a Temper, but was altogether a Mortal Enemy to the Romans.
70 Ptolemy being driven out of his Kingdom, and on his Journey to Rome by land, it was made known to Demetrius the Son of Seleucus, who surpriz'd with his misfortune, gave an instance of his Royal and Generous disposition. For forthwith, attended with his Servants, and taking with him a Royal Robe, a Diadem, and a Horse Adorn'd with Trappings of Gold, he went to meet Ptolemy, and came up to him at the * 26th. Stone distant from the City, whom (after he had courteously embrac'd him) he advis'd to put on the Royal Robes, and to make use of the other Ensigns of Royalty, and so enter into the City as became the Dignity of his Person, left he should be despis'd: Ptolemy was much taken with him for his extraordinary Kindness; but was so far from accepting what was offer'd, that he intreated Demetrius he might rather stop, and take up his Lodgings at some small Village in the way.
71. Antipater having breathed out his last in the midst of these Torments, they bring Asclepiades Governor of the City, crying out that Timotheus was the Contriver of the whole Scene of this mischief, and that it was through his persuasions that the young Man so impiously and unjustly put his Brother to death. Hereupon when all the Great Men and Commanders began to smell out the whole Design and Contrivance, and to commiserate the sad condition of those that suffered such cruel Torments; Timotheus was in a great fright, and loos'd the rest that were condemn'd from their Torments, and afterwards put them privately to death.
72. Philopater sirnam'd Ariarathes being now come to the Crown after the death of his Father, the first thing he did was the Celebrating his Father's Funeral in great Pomp and State; afterwards caressing his Friends, Great Officers and Commanders, and the rest of his Subjects, he gain'd the good Will of all sorts.
73. When Ariarathes had restor'd Mithrobuzanes to his Father's Kingdom, Artaxias King of Armenia still infected with his old vice of Covetousness, sent an Ambassador to Ariarathes to sollicit him to join with him and kill one of the Brothers that were then in his hands, and divide Sophene between them. But Ariarathes greatly abhorr'd such a piece of Cruelty and Treachery, and smartly rebuk'd the Ambassadors, and writ a Letter to Artaxias, wherein he advis'd him to forbear such wicked practices; which Carriage of Ariarathes much advanc'd his Fame and Reputation; and Mithrobuzanes through the faithfulness and integrity of him to whom he fled for shelter, regain'd his Father's Kingdom.
74. Lucius Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus, and was a Consul and Censor, and the bravest Man of his Age of all the Romans, dy'd about this time; whose death when it was generally known, especially at the time of his Funeral, caus'd such a general Sorrow and Lamentation, that not only Artificers and other sorts of common People flock'd together, but the Senate and all the Magistrates of the City prepar'd every thing that was necessary for the Gracing of his Funeral. And all Persons of the Free Towns and Cities bordering upon Rome, that could posibly attend at the day, came in flocking together, both to see and honour the Solemnity.
75. Such as Aemilius was reported for his Wealth while he liv'd, such he appear'd to be when he was dead. For tho' he was the only Person in his time that enricht the Treasury at Rome with plenty of Gold, brought with him out of Spain, and had the Command of all the Riches of Macedonia, and was cloath'd with absolute Authority in all those places; yet he was so far from converting any thing to his private use, that when his two adopted Sons, after his death, possess'd themselves of his Estate; out of all his Goods they were not able to raise so much as would be sufficient to satisfie his Wife her just Dowry, without selling some of his Land,; and therefore some have preferr'd him for his Abstemiousness Page 763 and freedom from Covetousness before Aristides and Epaminondas that were so famous and eminent among the Grecians upon that account. For they only refus'd Money that was offer'd them by such as thereby design'd and aim'd at their own advantage; but this Man medled not with any thing where he had possession of all, and might have taken to his use as much as he pleas'd.
And if any look upon this as a thing incredible, let such consider that they must not judge of the Sobriety and Moderation of the Ancient Romans, by the griping Covetousness of those at this day. For in truth in this our Age the Romans exceed all other Nations in their Insatiableness after Riches. But since we now revive the memory of so excellent a Person, we shall briefly say something of Scipio his Son, he that afterwards raz'd Numantia, lest ignorance of his Care and Diligence in the Study of the most excellent, and commendable Arts and Sciences, should occasion Incredulity, that he should attain to such an Eminency in all virtuous Qualifications. Publius Scipio therefore was the natural Son of Lucius Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus, as we have before declar'd; but was the Adopted Son of Scipio that conquer'd Hannibal, and the Carthaginians, and so by Adoption Scipio Africanus the most Eminent of all the Romans that ever were before him, was his Grandfather.
Scipio thus Nobly descended and taken into so famous a Family, approv'd himself not the least unworthy the Glory and Renown of his Ancestors. For he was brought up and instructed from his Childhood in the Learning of the Greeks; and when he was 18 years of age, apply'd himself to the study of Philosophy under the Inspection of Polybius of Megalopolis the Historian his Tutor, with whom he continu'd a considerable time; and increasing in all manner of Virtue, he not only excell'd his equals in years, but those far elder than himself, in Sobriety, Affableness, Generosity, and all other virtnous qualifications. But before he fell to the study of Philosophy, it was every bodies Opinion that he was but dull and blockish, very unworthy to be Heir to so great a Family. In the first place he made it his chief Care and Business to be Sober, as conducing much to the commendation of his youthful age, which was then at his years a very difficult Task. For the Youth at that time were hurried away by filthy Lusts, and an Excess of intemperance, with an impetuous Current, some to Sodomy, others to Whores, Gluttony, Drunkenness, Revellings, and such like Luxurious and Voluptuous Courses: For the Romans presently learnt the Effeminate Manners of the Greeks in this kind, through the long continuance of the Persian War; and besides, having gain'd abundance of Wealth, they were plentifully supply'd with Fuel to seed their Luxury.
76. But Scipio following another course of Life, and combating with all his natural corrupt Lusts, as with so many wild Beasts, within the space of Five years attain'd to a fix'd and habitual state of Sobriety and Temperance. To which all giving their Testimony, and generally crying him up upon that account, he then put forth himself in acts of Bounty, Generosity, and Liberality in distributing his Money for the good of others: For which sort of Virtue he had an Example in his Father Aemilius, under whose instruction he was long bred up, and now exhibited, as it were, a perfect Copy of his Virtue: But Fortune likewise presented him an Eminent occasion of expressing his Liberality. For when Aemilia the Wife of Great Scipio, the Sister of Aemilius who conquer'd Perseus, dy'd, and left a great Estate behind her, of which Scipio was Heir; he first gave an instance of his generous disposition upon this occasion. For his Mother Papiria being cast off long before the death of his Father, had liv'd a considerable time separate from her Husband, in a far meaner condition than became one of her Noble Birth: But Aemilia the Mother of his adopted Father leaving behind her a great Inheritance, besides other Riches, had a rich Robe and Womans Gown, together with a splendid Retinue of Houshold-Servants, as being the Wife of the Great Scipio, and so Sharer with him in his Estate and Fortune: All these Scipio Nobly bestow'd upon his Mother; in which stately Habit, when she appear'd in publick amongst the Ladies of Quality, the Bounty and Generosity of the young Man, and his Piety towards his Mother was highly applauded, First among the Women, and then among all Companies and Societies of Men, throughout the whole City. This piece of Liberality was lookt upon by the whole City, not only as a thing commendable, but even wonderful, especially at Rome, in which City none easily parts with any thing they have to another. After this, there being a great sum of Money owing to the Daughters of the Great Scipio, as their Dowries; and whereas by the Roman Laws the Party that was to pay such Portions, had liberty to pay them in Three years time, by a certain proportion every year, he paid the whole down at once. Afterwards when his natural Father Aemilius was dead, and he and his Brother Fabius were constituted joint Heirs of his Estate, Scipio did another Honourable Act, well Page 764 worthy to be remembred. For when he knew that his Brother had far less than himself, he freely bestow'd upon him his own share of the Inheritance, amounting to above Sixty Talents, and so made his Brother as rich as himself; which Act being generally cry'd up, he did that which was further remarkable: For when Fabius was resolv'd to exhibit single Combats by Gladiators at the Funeral of his Father, yet was not well able to bear the great Charge it would require, Scipio bore half of the Cost and Expence out of his own Purse. A little time after, when his Mother died, he was so far from taking again what he had before bestow'd on her, that he gave not only them, but all the rest of his Mother's Inheritance to his Sisters, altho' no part of her Estate by the Laws, belong'd to them. Thus Scipio being cry'd up by the unanimous Consent of all Persons, for his generosity, he grew every day more and more famous and renown'd, which he attain'd unto, not so much by greatness of Expence, as by choice of fit opportunities to express his Kindnesses, and an Art in Conferring of his Gifts and Benefits, upon proper Objects.
He gain'd likewise a just Reputation for his Chastity without any Cost or Charge, but only by his Moderation and Sobriety, from whence likewise he reapt the great Benefit of Health and Strength of Body, and following this Course all his life long, he injoy'd a Reward of his Temperance with great pleasure and delight. And as for all the parts of Valour, which is a Virtue absolutely necessary every where, especially among the Romans, he was not in the least wanting or negligent, in that respect Fortune affording him a special opportunity to approve himself; for the Macedonian Kings being much given to Hunting, Scipio by far surpass'd them all.
77. After that the Romans had Conquer'd Perseus, they put some of them to death who had sided with the Macedonians, and others they sent to Rome. But Charopus being cloth'd with an absolute Power and Authority in Epirus, because he seem'd to be a great favourer of the Romans, at first dealt with the Epirots something gently and mildly, but afterwards growing every day more proud and insolent, he turn'd every thing in Epirus upside down. For by false Accusations against the richest Men he banish'd some, put others to death and Confiscated their Goods: And he not only squeez'd Money from Men, but from Women, by the help of his Mother Philota; who was more than a Woman in Cruelty and Wickedness. Many likewise who were accus'd to be plotting against the Romans, he gave up into the Hands of the People, who were all Condemn'd to die.
78. Orofernes having depos'd his Brother Ariarathes, when he ought to have manag'd his Affairs with the greatest prudence imaginable, and ingratiated himself into the Hearts of his People by Kindness and Acts of Grace and Favour, intended no such Matter: But being wholly intent on scraping up Money together, he wickedly put many to death; he gave to Timotheus Fifty, and King Demetrius Seventy Talents, and promis'd in a short time to pay other 400 Talents, and besides to add to them 600 more: At which, discerning that the Cappadocians were greatly incens'd, he began to Rob and Spoil every Body, and Confiscate the Goods of the Nobility; and having Treasur'd up a vast Sum of Money, he intrusted 400 Talents with the Pirenians, to serve him at a Turn, and Change of Fortune, which were afterwards faithfully repaid him.
79. Ptolemy the Elder, having presently by the multitude of his Forces penn'd up his Brother, by a close Siege, and reduc'd them to the utmost Extremity, yet pardon'd him; induc'd thereunto, both by his natural Clemency, and the nearness of Relation, and his awe and fear of the Romans: And he did not only pardon him, but entred into a League with him, according to which, he was to be content as the younger Brother with Cyrene, and with a certain proportion of Wheat every Year. And thus a War between Brothers, which had wholly alienated their Affections one from another, and was continu'd to the utmost hazard of them both, was on a sudden ended upon moderate Terms and Conditions.
80. When Orofernes discern'd that his Affairs declin'd much to the worse, he resolv'd to satisfie his Mercenary Soldiers as soon as he could, lest they should Mutiny, for want of their Pay: But being at present straitn'd through scarcity of Money, he was necessitated to rifle Jupiter's Temple, scituated at the Foot of Mount Ariadne, which before had been ever preserv'd Sacred and Inviolable, and by this means he paid his Soldiers all their Arrears.
81. Prusias King of Bithynia, being altogether disappointed in his Design of taking Attalus, destroy'd and laid waste the Sacred Grove call'd Nicheporius, which lay under the Walls of the City, and rifled the Temple it self, and took away the Statues, and the Images of the Gods, and among the rest, the famous Statue of Aesculapius, said to Page 765 be one of the curious Pieces of Phipomachus, and robb'd the Place of all its sacred and consecrated Goods and Treasure. For which sacrilege, the Gods in a short time after, inflicted upon him deserv'd punishment: For most of his Land Army perish'd by the Bloody Flux; and the like Calamity hapned to his Naval Forces, for by a sudden Storm in the Propontis, most of his Ships with their Soldiers and Rowers together were Sunk; and some few were cast upon the Land, and Shipwrackt. And these were the first punishments inflicted upon Prusias for his Impiety.
82. The Cretians arriving at Siphnus, besieg'd the City, and the Inhabitants partly through fear, and partly through feign'd and and deceitful promises admitted them into the City; the Cretians first promising that none of the Inhabitants should receive the least prejudice; but when they were enter'd, according to the usual Treachery and Perfidiousness of the Cretians, they both carri'd them all away Captives, and rifled and robb'd all the Temples of the Gods, and so loaded with spoil hois'd up Sail, and made back for Crete. But in a short time after, they paid Dear for this Treachery, the Gods presently executing Vengeance upon them for their Impiety; for out of fear of some Enemies that overpowr'd them in Shipping, they were forc'd to loose out of Harbour in the Night, and most of their Ships by a sudden Storm were sunk at Sea, and others were cast upon Land, and dasht in pieces upon the Rocks, where all in them miserably perished; some few that consented not to this perfidious dealing escap'd.
83. Philip the Son of Amyntas, coming to a Kingdom then Subject and Tributary to the Illyrians by his Arms and skill in Martial Affairs, restor'd it to its former Liberty, and by his mild and gentle Usage of those he subdu'd, he enlarg'd his Kingdom above any that was in Europe. For having beaten the Athenians in a great Battle (who contended with him for the Principality of Greece,) he buried all their dead that fell in the Fight, whom they had left in the open Field, and sent back above 2000 Prisoners to their own Country, without any Redemption: So that they who before had contended with him, hearing of his generous Usage of their fellow Citizens, voluntarily yielded up to him the Sovereignty of Greece, and so what he could not accomplish by so many Battles and Hazards, meerly by his Mildness and Humanity he obtain'd with the free and unanimous Consent of his Enemies. But what he had got, he afterwards maintain'd, by striking a Fear and Terrour into the Hearts of his Enemies, for he raz'd the Populous City of Olynthus to the Ground. In the same manner his Son Alexander, by the Ruine of Thebes, deterr'd the Lacedemonians and Athenians (who were plotting against him) from their design'd Revolt. And his Civil and generous Usage of the Prisoners in the Persian War, was such, that he gain'd the Hearts of the Asiaticks, not so much by his Valour, as his Mildness and Humanity. But in later times, the Romans thirsting after a Universal Monarchy, in a great measure obtain'd their ends, by the force of their Arms, but their Clemency towards such as they had Conquer'd, added much to the increase and inlargement of their Conquests. For they were so far from Cruelty, or being Rigorous in executing punishment upon those they had Subdu'd, that they seem'd to carry it towards them rather as Friends, than as Enemies. For when the Conquer'd expected the utmost severity of Revenge from the Conquerors, they left no room for any others to exceed them in Humanity, and Clemency: For some they made Free of the City, with others they join'd in Affinity by Marriages, others they set Free to Govern according to their own Laws; and to sum up all, none underwent any severity by being Conquer'd, farther than what was fit. And therefore upon the account of this extraordinary Clemency, Kings, Cities and Countreys, generally sheltred themselves under the Protection of the Romans. But when they were Lords almost of the whole World. then they strengthen'd and confirm'd themselves in their Dominions, by severity, and razing of Towns and Cities, to strike a Terrour into their Enemies. For they utterly destroy'd Corinth in Achaiah, Carthage in Africa, Numantia in Spain, and rooted up the Kingdom of Macedonia, in the Ruine of Perseus, and became a Terror to many.
84. The Romans make it their great Care, that the Wars they begin, be upon just grounds, and therefore never resolve upon any thing rashly, or inconsiderately.
85. Publius Scipio (who was afterwards sirnamed Africanus, and was then a Tribune, when almost all the rest of the Romans made light of their Terms and Articles made with their Enemies, tho' confirm'd by solemn Oaths;) most Religiously observ'd and kept his promises with the Besieg'd, and us'd them with all Humanity and Clemency when they fell into his hands. His Faith and Integrity therefore being nois'd abroad all over Africa, none surrendred up themselves into the hands of the Romans, unless Scipio, join'd in signing of the Articles.
Page 766 86. When there were only three Romans kill'd in the Skirmish, and were left lying upon the Ground unbury'd, all were very much troubled and concerned at it. But Scipio with the Consent of the Consul writ a Letter to Hasdrubal, to desire him to bury those Romans; who presently order'd the thing to be done, and when all was perform'd sent their Ashes to the Consul, which added much to the Honour of Scipio, as one whose Authority was prevalent even with the Enemies themselves.
87. The Counterfeit Philip, having beaten the Romans in a great Battle, became Proud, Cruel and Tyrannical; there was not a Wealthy Person which he put not most wickedly to death, upon false Accusations: He spar'd not his own intimate Friends, but dispatch'd many of them out of the Way; for he was naturally Fierce and Cruel, Proud and Haughty in all his Familiar intercourses, and at last deeply ingag'd in Covetousness, and all manner of Vice.
88. The Romans had such a kindness for Publius Scipio, that tho' neither his Age nor the Laws did qualifie him, yet they endeavour'd with all their might to Elect him Consul.
89. Calpurnius the Consul, after he had some Towns deliver'd up to him upon Articles, contrary to the Terms agreed upon, and against his Faith and Ingagements, raz'd them to the ground, and therefore in all his Designs and Contrivances afterwards, he was disappointed as a Faithless and Treacherous Person, as if some Deity set himself against him; for he attempted many things, but was never able to effect any thing,
90. King Prusias being both of an ugly Visage, and a mean and effeminate Presence, was mortally hated by the Bythinians.
91. After the taking of Carthage, Scipio gave Liberty to the Sicilian Ambassadors to search among the Spoils, and order'd every one to carry back into their several Cities such things as had formerly been taken away from them by the Carthaginians: Upon which were found many Statues and Pictures of famous Men, of exquisite Workmanship, besides many things Devoted and Consecrated to the Gods, some of Silver and others of Gold; among which, was the famous Phalarian Bull of Agrigentum, made by Perilaus, for the Tyrant Phalaris, who caus'd the Artificer himself to make the first experiment of his own Art, by executing that sort of punishment upon him, which he had invented for the Torturing of others.
92. In our time Caius Julius Cesar, sirnamed for the greatness of his Actions Divus, when almost a hundred Years after he saw the Ruins and Rubbish of Corinth, was so compassionately Affected, and withal desirous to make himself glorious, that he put forth himself to the utmost to rebuild the City. And therefore it is but just that the Humanity and Clemency that was eminently in this Man, should be allow'd its just and due praises, and that his Virtues should be Recorded in History, for an everlasting remembrance to his eternal Praise and Honour. For when his Ancestors were Extreme in their severity against this City, he rectified their Excesses by his own Lenity and Moderation, preferring Mercy before Cruelty. Besides, he far excell'd all that were ever before him in the Greatness of his Actions, and upon the account of his Virtuous Qualifications, was sirnamed Divus. To conclude, this Man was the most Famous and Renown'd for Eminency of Birth, Fluency of Tongue, the Art of War, and Contempt of Riches, of any whatsoever that was in his Age.
93. Viriathus of Lusitania, the Captain of the Robbers, was just and exact in distributing the Spoil, and those who had valiantly behaved themselves in Battle, he would liberally reward according to their several Merits, and he never converted any of the publick Moneys to his own private use, and therefore the Lusitanians never shrunk or drew back from any hazardous undertaking, when he Commanded them, and was their Leader, honouring him as the Common Benefactor and Saviour of their Country.
94. Plautius the Roman Praetor greatly misgovern'd his Province, being therefore Condemn'd by the People, because he had dishonour'd his Government, he fled from Rome.
95. In Syria, King Alexander, being far unfit for so high a Station, by reason of his Sloath and Meanness of Spirit, gave up the Government of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus.Ush. An. 470. Before Ch. 140.
Page 767 96. The Kingdom of Syria, being now brought low, and Demetrius being only the surviving Branch of the Royal Stock, believing himself to be out of all Danger, disregarded the Deportment of the former Kings, who studied to ingratiate themselves into the good Opinion of their People, by their affable and courteous Behaviour: But he growing every day more and more unsufferable, fell at length to downright Cruelty, and all sorts of hainous Enormities. The cause of all which is not only to be attributed to his own corrupt Disposition, but to one of his Friends, who had the Management of all the Affairs of the Kingdom: For being a Wicked and Rash Fellow, he incited by his Flattery, the young Man to all manner of Wickedness. At first therefore, he put to death all that had sided against him in the War, with unusual sorts of Punishments. Afterwards, when the Antiochians Taunted and Jear'd at him, as they were wont to do, he got together a Company of Mercenary Soldiers against them, and commanded that they should be disarm'd, but the Antiochians refusing to deliver them; some he kill'd as they fell into his hands, others he Murdered in their own Houses, together with their Wives and Children; upon which a great Uproar being rais'd in the City, he burnt down most of the Town to the Ground, and many that were accus'd to be Heads of this Commotion, were put to death, and their Estates Confiscated, and brought into the Kings Exchequer: And therefore many of the Citizens, both out of Fear and Hatred of Demetrius, Fled out of the City, and wander'd up and down all Syria, watching for a fit time and opportunity to be reveng'd. In the mean time, Demetrius hated of every Body, rag'd notwithstanding in Slaughters, Banishments, and Confiscations, far exceeding his Father in Cruelty: For he was far from Royal Clemency and Kindness, but exercising a Tyrannical and Arbitrary Power, oppress'd his Subjects with most grievous and unsufferable Calamities, in somuch as the Kings of this Family, for their oppressions, were hated by all, and those of the other, as much belov'd for their Moderation and Clemency; so that thro' the mutual Plots and circumventing Contrivances of the Heads of both these Families, one against another, Syria was continually full of Stirs and Commotions: and the common People themselves, through the Flattery and fair Promises of those Kings that sought to succeed the other, were so led aside, as that they still delighted in Change.
97. The Aradians growing high Crested and Insolent, abus'd the Marathenian Ambassadors, who crying out against their Impiety, challeng'd the Sacred regard that ought to be had to Suppliants, and the Security and Protection due to Ambassadors, upon which, some of the audacious young Fellows, presently knockt them on the Head. Then these Murderers and their Co-partners got together in a general Assembly, and adding one piece of Wickedness to another, contriv'd an Impious and Vile design against the Marathenians; for taking the Rings off the Fingers of them that were Murder'd, they writ Letters to the Marathenians, as from the Ambassadors, by which they inform'd them, that the Aradians would within a short time send them Aid, to the end that the Marathenians might receive the Aradian Soldiers into their City, and so be Surpriz'd, thinking they were really, and without Fraud, sent to them as Auxiliaries. But the Aradians fail'd in their wicked Design, for when they had laid an Embargo upon all the Ships, that none might discover their Treachery to the Marathenians, a certain Seamen, a Neigbour to the Marathenians commiserating their Condition, and being acustom'd to Sail in the Neighbouring Sea, took a Ship, and in the Night pass'd over that narrow Cut, about Eight Furlongs in Breadth, and discover'd the Fraud of the Aradians, to the Marathenians; the Aradians therefore, when they understood their Plot was discover'd, forbore sending the Letters.
98. Ptolemy Physcon, the Brother of Philometer, began his Reign most wickedly; for charging many with Plots against his Life, he put them all to death, with most cruel Torments, others for pretended Crimes invented by himself, he Banish'd and Confiscated their Estates: by which cruelties, in a short time, his Subjects were so inrag'd, that they all hated him Mortally; however he Reign'd Fifteen Years.
99. Viriathus, when at his Marriage many Gold and Silver Cups, and all sorts of rich Carpets of exquisite Workmanship, were set forth to grace the Solemnity, he held them all upon the point of a Lance, not with admiration of such rich and splendid Furniture, but rather in scorn and contempt. After, when he had upon this occasion spoken many things, with much Wisdom and Prudence, he concluded with many Emphatical expressions, and with this one, very remarkable for by this saying, he signifi'd, that it was the greatest Imprudence imaginable, to trust in Goods of Fortune, which are so uncertain; especially, since it was then apparent, that all those highly esteem'd riches of his Father in Law, were liable to be a prey to him, that might carry them away upon his Spears point; further he added, that his Father in Law ought rather to thank him, Page 768 for that nothing of his own was given by his Father in Law, to him who was Lord and owner of all. Virathus therefore at that time, neither washt nor sat down, altho' he was earnestly intreated so to do. And whereas the Table was plentifully furnish'd with rich Dishes of Meat, he only distributed some Bread and Flesh amongst them that came along with him. After he had a little more than tasted the Meat himself, he order'd his Bride to be brought to him, and having Sacrific'd after the manner of the Spaniards, he mounted her on Horseback, and forthwith carry'd her away to his Appartments in the Mountains: For he accounted Sobriety and Temperance the greatest Riches, and the Liberty of his Country gain'd by Valour, the surest Possession. In his Leagues and Treaties he was very careful and exactly faithful to his Word, and spoke plainly and sincerely what he intended, instructed therein (without any other Arts) by his own natural Principles of honesty and fair dealing.
100. Demetrius, while he staid at Laodicea, spent his time in Banquetting, and such like Luxury; and yet exercis'd his Tyranny upon many in the mean time, not at all better'd by his Afflictions.
101. The Cnotians contended for the Sovereignty of the Island, which they alledg'd, belong'd to them, both upon the account of the Ancient Dignity of the City, and the Glory and Renown of their Ancestors in the Heroick times. For some say that Jupiter was brought up amongst them, and that Minos, who had the Dominion of the Seas, was bred up by Jupiter, at Cnossius, and excell'd all other Men in Virtuous Accomplishments.
102. But in Egypt, King Ptolemy for his Cruelty, was hated of all his Subjects: For his Manners were not to be compar'd with his Brother Philometer's; for he was of a mild and gentle Nature, but the other fierce and cruel; and therefore the People long'd for a Change, and earnestly waited for a fit opportunity to Revolt.
103. At the time when Ptolemy (after the Solemn manner of the Aegyptians) was Inthron'd at Memphis, his Queen Cleopatra was deliver'd of a Son, at which he exceedingly rejoic'd, and call'd him Memphites, because he was Born in the City Memphis, at the time of his Solemn Inauguration. But while he was Celebrating his Son's Birth day, he forgot not his usual Cruelty, for he order'd some of Cyrene (who had brought him into Aegypt) to be put to death, because they rebuk'd him something too freely, upon the account of the Strumpet Irene.
104. After Diegylis King of Thrace, came to the Throne, he was so puft up with his prosperity, that he began to Rule over his People not as his Subjects and Friends, but to Domineer over them, as so many Slaves and Bondmen: For he put many good and honest Thracians by Tortures to death, and abus'd with the highest marks of disgracemany others: For he spar'd neither Woman nor Boy that were handsom and beautiful, and stuck not at stripping Men out of all they had, by force and and strong hand, but fill'd all his Dominions with Rapine and Violence. He plunder'd and spoil'd likewise the Cities of Greece that border'd upon him, and abus'd some of the Captives, and put others to death with exquisite Torments. After he had taken the City Lysimachia (which belonged to Attalus) he burnt it down to the Ground, and pickt out the greatest Persons of Quality from amongst the Captives, and put them to death with strange and unheard of Tortures: For he cut off the Heads, Hands, and Feet of their Children, and hung them about their Parents Necks, and exchang'd the Members of Men and Women one from another. Of some he cut off their Hands, and clove them down the small of the Back, and sometimes would cause the Members to be carry'd about upon the top of their Spears, so that he far exceeded Phalaris himself, and Apollodorus the Tyrant of the Cassandrians. His Barbarity is more evident in this one Instance following. When he was celebrating his Nuptials, after the Ancient manner of the Thracians, he catcht up Two young Men of Greece that were Travelling, who were Subjects to Attalus, and were Brothers, both very beautiful. The one was fully attain'd to Mans Estate, and the other was near bordering upon it; Diegylis caus'd them both to be introduc'd Crown'd with Garlands, after the manner of the Victims: The younger being laid along and extended at length by the Officer, as one ready to cut him off at the Middle, the Tyrant cry'd out, that Kings and private Men, were not to offer the like Sacrifices; hereupon the Elder making great lamentation, out of endear'd Love to his Brother, interpos'd himself between him and the Sword, upon which Diegylis commanded he should be likewise laid along, and then doubling his Cruelty, at one stroak dispatch'd them both, the Spectators all applauding so noble a piece of Dexterity. Many such like wicked acts were committed by him.
105. When Attalus understood that Diegylis was hated by all his Subjects for his Cruelty and Covetousness, he took a quite contrary Course: And therefore when he had Page 769 taken many Thracian Prisoners Captive, and freely Releas'd them all, there were many that spread abroad his Fame for his Generosity and Clemency: And when many of the Thracian Nobility out of hatred to Diegulis, fled to him, and were kindly receiv'd, and the thing came to be known, Diegulis tortur'd the Hostages of them that were fled with most grievous Torments. Many of whom that were very Young, and of tender Age, he pull'd in pieces, Limb from Limb, and of others he cut of their Hands, Feet and Heads; some he crucified and others he hung upon Trees, many Women likewise who were Persons of Quality) he stigmatiz'd before they were put to death, and prostituted them to the Lust of every vile Fellow, in a most Barbarous manner giving up himself to all manner of Filthiness. Which as it clearly evidenc'd his unparall'ld Cruelty, so it mov'd many of the Spectators, who had but the least sense of Humanity, with pity and commiseration.
106. When Pompey was preparing to Besiege the City Lagnus, the Numantines willing to assist their Countrymen, sent to them in the Night 400 Soldiers; whom the Lagnetians at first readily receiv'd, and bountifully rewarded as their Saviours. But in a few days after, dreading a Siege, they Treated with Pompey, to deliver up the Town upon Terms, insisting only upon sparing their Lives. But when Pompey would admit of no Conditions, unless the Numantians were deliver'd up to him, the Lagnetians at first shrunk at the thoughts of such a wicked Act against their Benefactors, and therefore resolv'd to stand it out to the utmost: But being afterwards reduc'd to the utmost extremity, they sent to Pompey to acquaint him they were ready to Redeem their own Lives by the Destruction of their Confederates; which the Numantians coming to understand, they set upon the Citizens unexpectedly in the Night, and made a grievous Slaughter amongst 'em. Pompey having Intelligence of this Tumult and Bustle in the Town, forthwith set scaling Ladders to the Walls, and took the City, and put all the Lagnetians to the Sword, but generously discharg'd all the Numantian Auxiliaries, to the Number of 100; both pitying the Men that were so unworthily brought into such extremity and distress, as likewise hereby designing to to gain the Goodwill and opinion of the Numantians towards the Romans. Afterwards he Raz'd the City to the Ground.
107. Arsases King of the Parthians being a Mild and Gracious Prince, was exceeding prosperous and successful, and greatly enlarg'd the bounds of his Empire; for he Conquer'd all before him, as far as to India (where Porus Reign'd formerly) with a great deal of ease: And tho' he was advanc'd to that degree of Power and Authority, yet he inclin'd not in the least to Pride and Luxury, as is common with Princes in such cases, but was Kind to his Subjects, and Valiant in the Field against his Enemies: and having subdu'd several Nations, gathered together a System out of the best of their Laws, and imparted them to his Parthians.
108. Viriathus was Bury'd by the Lusitanians with great Pomp and State; for Two hundred Gladiators were matcht singly with as many more, and sought Duels at his Sepulchre, in honour of the remarkable Valour of this Man. For he was (as is agreed by all) Valiant in Dangers, Prudent and Careful in providing whatever was necessary, and that which was most of all considerable was, that whilst he Commanded he was more belov'd than ever any was before him: For in dividing the spoil he never serv'd himself with any thing above any of the rest; and of those things which fell to his share, he often rewarded them that had behav'd themselves valiantly, and reliev'd those Soldiers that were most in want. He was likewise of incredible Sobriety and Vigilancy, not sparing any Labour, or drawing back from any hazard, not to be overcome in the least by Ease or Pleasures. The Arguments of his virtuous Qualifications are evident and demonstrable: For being General of the Lusitanians for the space of Eleven years, during all that time his Soldiers were not only peaceable without any Mutinies, but remain'd unconquerable: But after his death the Forces of the Lusitanians in a short time after were broken and dispers'd, being depriv'd of such a General.
109. Ptolemy for his Cruelty, Murthers, filthy Lusts, and deform'd Body (whence he was call'd Physco) was hated by all. But Hierax his General being an expert Soldier, and Popular in all General Assemblies, and a Man of a great Spirit, took upon him the Government: For when Ptolemy wanted Money, and the Soldiers for want of Pay were ready to Revolt to Galaestes, he put a stop to their Mutiny by paying off their Arrears out of his own Purse.
110. The Aegyptians altogether contemn'd Ptolemy when they saw him so childish in his Speeches, drown'd in filthy Lusts, and his Body Emasculated by his Intemperance.
111. Aemilius the Consul being of an heavy and unweildy Body, by reason of his bulk, and too much pampering of himself, was very unfit for Martial Affairs.
1. ABout this time there arose so great a Mutiny and Sedition of the Slaves in Sicily, as no Age before could ever parallel, in which many Cities suffer'd, were miserably ransackt, and innumerable multitudes both of Men, Women and Children fell into most grievous Calamities; and the whole Island was now upon the point of falling into the hands of the Slaves, who design'd no other bounds should be put to their exorbitant Power, than the absolute Destruction of their Masters.
And these things fell out when none in the least suspected them; but those who were accustomed to pierce deep into the Grounds and Causes of all Events, concluded that this was not a thing that happen'd meerly by chance. For the Inhabitants of this rich Island growing wanton with too much plenty, fell into Luxury and Voluptuousness, and then into Pride and Insolence. For those reasons the Cruelty of the Masters towards their Servants, and the Hatred of the Servants to their Masters raging and increasing more and more every day, at length (a fit opportunity offering it self) their Hatred broke forth, and many Thousand Slaves on a suddain (without any sign or appearance of any such thing before) got in a Body together to cut the Throats of their Masters.
And the same thing happen'd in Asia, almost about the same time. For when Aristonicus, without any colour of Right, sought to gain the Kingdom of Asia, all the Slaves, by reason of the Cruelty of their Masters, join'd with him, and fill'd many Towns and Cities with Blood and Slaughter.
2. In like manner those that had large Possessions in Sicily bought up whole Goals to till their Lands—Some they shackled, others they overcharg'd with hard Labour, and branded and stigmatiz'd every one of them: So that such a multitude of Slaves, even like a Deluge, overflow'd all Sicily, that the excessive number may seem incredible to all that hear of it; for all the rich Men of Sicily vied with the Italians for Pride, Covetousness, and vicious Practices; For many of the Italians who had great numbers of Servants, accustom'd their Shepherds to that degree of Rapine and Licentiousness, as that they suffered them to Rob and Steal for want of necessary subsistence from them themselves. Which Liberty being once Granted to those Men who had strength of Body, sufficient to enable 'em readily to execute any Villany, together with Time and Leisure, and through want of Subsistence were reduc'd to the utmost Extremity of attempting any thing for their Supply; these unruly Fellows in a short time were ripe and compleat in wickedness. At first they us'd to Murder Travellers upon the High-way, when only One or Two were together: Afterwards they would in Bodies enter into little Villages, in the Night, and pillage poor Mens Houses, and forcibly carry away whatever they found, and kill all that oppos'd them. At length growing every day more and more Audacious, there was neither Security in the Roads in Sicily for Travellers in the Night, nor Safety in their Houses for them that dwelt in the Country, but all places were full of Rapine, Robberies and Murthers. And because the Shepherds and Herdsmen were furnish'd with Arms, and inur'd to lie Night and Day in the open Fields, they every Day grew bold and daring: For carrying Clubs and Lances and long Staves, and cover'd with the Skins of Wolves and Wild Boars, they lookt with a most dreadful and terrible Aspect as the Children of Mars. Besides, every one had a Guard of great Mastiff Dogs to attend them, and guzling down Milk, and glutting themselves with Flesh, and all sorts of other Food and Provision, they resembled Beasts both in Souls and Bodies. So that the whole Island seem'd as if it had been full of Soldiers roving up and down in every place, or as if all the daring Slaves were let loose by their Masters to act the parts of raging Mad men. It's true indeed that the Roman Praetors and Governors did what they could to suppress this Insolency of the Slaves; but because they durst not punish them, by reason of the Potency of their Masters, they were forc'd to suffer the Country to be infested with Robberies; for whereas most of their Masters were Roman Knights, who had Judicial Authority at Rome, and were us'd to chuse Judges out of the Aequestrian Order in the Causes of the Praetors and the Proconsuls, who were summon'd to appear before them after their Provincial Authority was determin'd, the Magistrates were upon good grounds afraid of them.
3. The Italians, who had large Possessions in Sicily, and therefore bought many Slaves, every one of whom they stigmatiz'd with marks on their Cheeks, and opprest them with hard Labour, and yet defrauded them of their Wages and Subsistence.
4. There was one Damophilus of Aenna a wealthy Man, but very proud and arrogant; Page 771 this Man Till'd a large compass of Land, and had a vast Stock of Cattle, initiated the Luxury and Cruelty of the Italians towards their Slaves. For being carry'd in a Coach drawn with stately Horses, he travers'd the Country up and down, guarded with a company of Arm'd Slaves; he carry'd likewise about with him continually many beautiful Boys, Flatterers and Parasites; and in the City and Villages had his Silver Vessels curiously wrought, and all sorts of Purple Carpets of very great value; and made Magnificent Feasts and Entertainments, after the State and Grandeur of a King, in Pomp and Expence far surpassing the Persian Luxury, and as much as all other Men in Pride and Arrogancy. For being rude, and never bred up with Learning, or any liberal Education, and having heap'd up a great deal of Wealth, and himself left to a licentious Liberty, without controul; he first from fulness and plenty became insolent, and at last was a plague to himself, and occasion of bringing many Miseries and Calamities upon the Country. For having bought many Slaves, he abus'd them in the highest degree; And those that were Free born in their own Country, and taken Captives in War, he stigmatiz'd in their Cheeks with the sharp points of Iron Pins, some of which he sent bound in Fetters to the Goals, and to others that were order'd to look after the Cattle in the Fields, he neither allow'd Cloaths, nor Food sufficient to satisfie Nature.
5. The Barbarity and Cruelty of this Damophilus was such, that never a day pass'd wherein he scourg'd not his Slaves, without the least cause or occasion. And his Wife Megallis was as cruel as himself, towards the Maid-Servants, and other Slaves that fell into her Hands. The Slaves therefore being thus provok'd by the cruelty of their Master and Mistriss, concluding they could not be brought into a worse condition than they then were, rose up all on a sudden.
6. In Sicily Demophilus had a young Daughter of a very gentle and courteous Disposition, who made it her business to relieve and heal those Slaves that had been abus'd and scourg'd by her Parents, and to bring Meat to them that were in prison; so that she was wonderfully belov'd by all the Servants, insomuch, as in remembrance of her former Kindness, all had compassion of her, and were so far from offering any violence or injury to the young Maid, that every one of them made it their business to preserve her Chastity unviolated; and chose some out of their own company, the most expeditious amongst them to conduct her to Catana to some of her Friends.
7. After Eunus was declar'd King, he put many to death, and spar'd only those that for the sake of his Prophecies commended him at their Feasts, to which his Master Antigenes us'd to bring him to make sport; those likewise that were so kind as in a jest to give him part of the Dainties with them, he preserv'd; so that the strange turn of Fortune was to be admir'd, and that Kindness shew'd to such mean and inconsiderable Persons should occasion so great Favour and Respect, at a time when it was so welcome and seasonable.
8. About the same time broke out another Rebellion of the Slaves; one Cleon a Sicilian near Mount Taurus inur'd to Robberies from a Boy, being appointed to look to the Horses in their Pastures in Sicily, beset the High Ways, and committed hainous Murders up and down the Country. This Fellow hearing of the good Fortune of Eunus and his Followers, having persuaded some of the neighbouring Slaves to join with him, on a sudden Revolted, Wasted and Spoil'd the City Agrigentum, and all the neighbouring Country round about.
9. In Asia, Attalus being newly come to the Crown, began to manage Affairs in a way far different from all the former Kings; for they by their Clemency and Kindness to their Subjects, Reign'd prosperously and Happily themselves, and were a Blessing to the Kingdom; but this Prince being of a Cruel and Bloody Disposition, oppress'd his Subjects with many Slaughters, and grievous Calamities: Suspecting that some of his own Relations that were Potent, and Men of Interest, were Plotting against him, he resolv'd to rid himself of them; to that end he pickt out some of the most Covetous and Bloody Fellows from among his Barbarian Mercenary Soldiers, and hid them in certain Vaults in the Palace; and then sending for such of his Friends and Kindred as he was most jealous of, when he had them there, he cut all their Throats by those bloody Executioners of his Cruelty, and forthwith ordered their Wives and Children to be put to death after the same manner.
The rest of his Father's Friends that either had Command in the Army, or were Governors of Cities, he either caus'd to be treacherously Assassinated, or seizing them, Murther'd them and their Families together. Being therefore hated not only by his Subjects, but by all the neighbouring Nations, all within his Dominions, endeavour'd as much as they could to bring about a Revolution and Change of Government.
Page 772 10. Tiberius Gracchus was the Son of Tiberius who had been twice Consul, and a Man very famous, both as to the Sword and Gown. He was likewise the Grandchild of Publius Scipio by his Daughter, that Scipio who conquer'd Hannibal and the Carthaginians. Being Nobly Born on both sides, he excell'd all his equals in Age, in sound Judgment and Elocution, and indeed in all manner of Learning, so that he was not afraid to enter the Lists with any that dar'd to oppose him.
11. The Syrian Slaves cut off the Hands of those they took prisoners, not at the Wrists, but Hands and Arms together.
12. The Senate dreading the Anger of the Gods, consulted the Sibyl's Books, and sent Ambassadors into Sicily, who passed through the whole Island, erected Altars to Jupiter Aetneus, and offered solemn Sacrifices to him, inclosing the Altars round with Stone Walls to exclude all but those of the several Cities, who, after the Customs of their own Country, were us'd to offer Sacrifices to him.
13. Gorgus was of * Morgantium sirnamed Cambalus, a Principal Man for Wealth and Authority in the City. Going abroad to Hunt, and falling in amongst a company of Robbers, he took to his Heels to get into the Town, who being by chance met by Gorgus his Father on Horseback, the Father forthwith leapt off his Horse, and desir'd his Son to Mount, and make away with all speed into the City; but as the Son was not willing to prefer his own preservation before that of his Father's, so the Father could not bear the death of his Son by avoiding the Danger himself. And thus while they were with Tears intreating one another, and striving to exceed each other in endearing natural Affections, the Love of the Father in contest with the Love of the Son, they were overtaken by the Thieves, and both kill'd upon the place.
14. Zibelmius the Son of Diegylis following his Father's steps in Cruelty, enrag'd at what the Thracians had done, proceeded to that degree of implacable Severity, and height of Wickedness, that he put to death all that had displeased him, with their whole Families, and upon most slight and frivolous occasions cut some in pieces Limb from Limb, Crucify'd others, and Saw'd several asunder. He kill'd likewise little Children before their Parents Faces, and Infants at their Mothers Breasts, and having cut them in pieces, disht up their Members as Curiosities for their Kindred to Feast upon, reviving as it were those Antient Repasts and Entertainments of Tereus and Thyestes. At length the Thracians seiz'd upon his Person; but it was scarce possible to punish him according to his Deserts. For how could one body suffer the punishment justly due for the Cruelties and Injuries committed against a whole Nation? However to the utmost of their Power they repaid him with all the Scorn and Contempt, and extremity of Torture upon his Body, they could invent.
15. Ptolemy Physcon when he saw his Sister Cleopatra was so great an Enemy to him, and could not revenge himself otherwise upon her, contriv'd a most notorious piece of Villany for that purpose. For he imitated the Cruelty of Medea, Murdering her Son Memphites, Begotten by himself, who was then in Cyprus, and a very young Boy: And not content with this, he committed a far more wicked Act: For cutting off the Child's Limbs, he put them in a Chest, and deliver'd them to one of his Guard to be convey'd to Alexandria; and whereas Cleopatra's Birth-day was then near at hand, he commanded that in the Night next before that day, he should set down the Chest at the Palace Gates; which being accordingly executed, Cleopatra made great lamentation, and all the People were in a great Rage against Ptolemy.
16. Atheneus Antiochus his General in a short time met with a just and due Reward for his Insolencies and Abuses in all places wherever he Quarter'd in his March: For being the first that fled, and forsook Antiochus in the heat of the Fight, coming to some of the Towns where he had abus'd his Quarters, all shut their Doors upon him, and every one refus'd to help him, either with Meat or Drink, so that he wander'd up and down the Country, till at length he was famish'd to death.
17. Hegelochus General of Ptolemy Physco sent against Marsyas the Alexandrian General, took him prisoner, and cut off all his Army. When Marsyas was brought before the King, and all concluded that he would forthwith put him to some cruel death, Ptolemy pardon'd him beyond all Mens expectation: For now he began to repent of his former Cruelties, and endeavour'd to regain the Peoples Love and Favour by acts of Clemency.
Page 773 18. Euemerus King of Parthia Born in Hyrcania, exceeding all other Princes in Cruelty, omitted no sorts of Torments he could invent. For many of the Babylonians, upon slight grounds, with their whole Families, he made Slaves and sent them into Media to be Sold. He burnt likewise to the ground the Market-place, and some of the Temples in Babylon, and raz'd the fairest and most beautiful parts of the City.
19. Alexander sirnam'd Zabinas, when those Renown'd Captains Antipater, Ponius, and Aeropus Revolted from him, and seiz'd upon Laodicea; he at length took the City: However, he Generously spar'd them all. For he was of a mild and gentle Disposition, and pleasing Temper, and of a wonderful Affability in his Converse or Discourse, and was therefore greatly Belov'd of every Body.
20. When Caius Sextius had Taken the City of the Gauls, and Sold the Inhabitants for Slaves, One Crato who was led in Chains with the rest, came up to the Consul, as he sate upon the Tribunal, and told him, He had ever been a Friend to the Romans, and for that reason had suffer'd many Injuries, and had undergone many Stripes and Scourgings from his fellow Citizens: Upon which, Sextius forthwith, with all the demonstration of Kindness, as of a Kinsman, Released him from his Bonds, and Restor'd him his Goods; And for his Good Will to the Romans, gave him Power to set free 900 of the Citizens, such as he himself thought fit. For the Consul was more Generous and Bountiful to Crato than he expected, to the end the Gauls might see how exactly Just the Romans were, both in their Punishments and Rewards.
21. Alexander not being very confident of the multitude, both in regard of their Rawness in Martial Affairs, and their natural Inconstancy, and hankring after Innovations would not adventure upon a pitcht Field; but having got together as much Money as he could, out of the Publick Treasuries, and pillag'd the Temples, resolv'd by Night to steal away into Greece. But whilst he attempted, by the help of some of his Barbarians, to plunder Jupiter's Temple, he was seiz'd upon, and himself and whole Army had like to have been cut off: but he soon escap'd out of their hands and made towards Seleucia: But the Seleucians having heard before-hand, the Brute of his Sacriledge shut their Gates against him; Failing there of his purpose he went to Pisidium, and never after departed from the Sea-Coast.
22. After Caius Gracchus was kill'd by the hands of his own Servant, LuciusVitellius who had been one of his particular Friends, was the first that got his Body; and was so far from being troubl'd at his death, that he cut off his Head, and carry'd it to his own House, thereby giving a remarkable Instance of his Cruelty and Covetousness. For when LuciusOpinius the Consul by Proclamation promis'd to Reward him that should bring to him Gracchus his Head, with the weight of it in Gold, Vitellius bor'd a hole in the Neck, and drawing out the Brains, poured in melted Lead in the room. Then he brought the Head to Opinius, and return'd with the promis'd Reward, but was afterwards hated by all to the day of his death, as a Betrayer of his Friend. The Flacci were also all put to death.
23. In Lybia the two Kings drew up their Armies one against another, and Jugurtha routed the Numidians in a great Battle, slaying many of them; whereupon Adherbal his Brother fled to Cirta, where being straitly Besieg'd he sent Ambassadors to Rome to intreat them not to suffer a King that was their Friend and Ally to be utterly ruin'd: Whereupon the Senate forthwith sent Messengers into Numidia with Orders to Jugurtha to raise his Siege: which he disregarding, they sent another Embassy vested with Power and Authority; but that was as fruitless as the other; and at length Jugurtha straitly blocking up the City round, through extremity of Famine forc'd it to a Surrender, and most unnaturally slew his Brother as he was going out of the City with his Children, and leaving the Kingdom, beseeching him only to spare his Life, neither regarding the Laws of Nature and Consanguinity, nor of Arms, in sparing those that beg for Quarter: He likewise scourg'd all the Italians to death that sided with his Brother.
24. Publius Scipio Nasica the Consul, was a Man renown'd both for his Virtue and Nobleness of Birth; for he was of the same Family with Africanus, and Hispanicus; of whom the first Conquer'd Africa, the other Asia, and the third Spain; and from thence gain'd the several Sirnames before mention'd: And besides the Eminency of his Birth, his Father and Grandfather were the most Eminent Men of the City; for both of them were Presidents of the Senate; and the first that gave their Votes, and delivered their Opinions in all publick Matters, to the time of their Deaths. His Grandfather upon an Occasion was judg'd by the Senate the Best Man of all the Roman Citizens. For it being found written in the Sibyls Books, That the Romans should build a Temple in honour of the great Mother of the Gods, and should bring her Image from Pessinunt in Asia, and Page 774 meet it out of the City with all the Orders and Degrees of the Citizens in solemn Pomp and State, and that the Best Man should lead the Men, and the Best Woman be at the head of the Women, when they receiv'd the Image of the Goddess: The Senate performing all that was prescrib'd by the Sibyls writings, judg'd Publius Nasica to be the Best Man, and Valeria the Best Woman. For he was not only eminent for his Piety towards the Gods, but of singular Prudence in governing and ordering matters of State, and of a piercing Judgment. For when Marcus Cato who was Sirnam'd Demosthenes, in delivering his Opinion in the Senate, was ever and anon affirming, That Carthage must be raz'd, though nothing was in debate concerning it, but the Senate was consulting of other Matters; Publius Nasica was ever of a contrary Opinion, that Carthage was to be preserv'd; In which difference of Opinions it seem'd a matter of great Difficulty to the Senate which of the Two was most adviseable; but those that were accounted the best Statesmen amongst them, preferr'd the Opinion of Nasica. For they conceiv'd, that the Power and Grandeur of the Romans was not to be judg'd of by the Ruine and Destruction of other Cities, but rather by its Sovereign Power and Authority over such as are accounted the most Potent. Besides, if Carthage stood, out of fear of that City the Romans would be kept within the bounds of their Duty, and in Peace and Concord among themselves, and the Common-wealth would be forced to carry it towards their Subjects with more Moderation and Clemency; which things usually strengthen and enlarge all sorts of Governments: But if Carthage the Rival City be once destroy'd, what can be expected but Civil Wars among the Romans themselves, and the hatred likewise of all their Allies for the Pride and Covetousness of the Roman Magistrates; all which accordingly happen'd to the Romans after the Destruction of Carthage. For turbulent Factions, Agrarian Laws, grievous Revolts of Confederates, continual and destructive Civil Wars, and all the other Mischiefs which Publius Scipio foretold, came to pass: His Son Nasica afterwards, when he was well in years, ordering the Senate to follow him, kill'd Tiberius Gracchus with his own hands, when he was contriving to set up himself and take upon him the Government. At the Commission of which Fact, the Commons being in an Uproar and Exasperated against the Authors of the Murder, and the Tribunes of the People asking every one of the Senators Man by Man, being brought before them, Who it was that kill'd Gracchus? Every one out of fear of the Rage of the People, deny'd the Fact, and made use of shifting and impertinent Answers: But when it came to Nasica, he own'd, that he kill'd him with his own Hand; and further declar'd, That the designs of Gracchus in aspiring to be absolute Monarch, was a Secret to all other Persons, but very well known to him and the Senate. Whereupon the People, though they were much troubled at the Fact, yet being mov'd by the Boldness and Authority of the Man, from thenceforth rested quiet and said no more: This Scipio Nasica likewise, (Son of the former Nasica) who dy'd Consul this Year, was of an unspotted Conversation all his Days, never tainted or corrupted with Bribes: And being endow'd with Philosophical Principles, he was not only a Philosopher in Words, but in Truth; so that he inherited both the Glory and Virtues of his Ancestors.
25. Antiochus Cyzicenus as soon as he got into Possession of the Kingdom, applied himself to Revellings and Luxury, and Courses altogether unbeseeming Kings. For being extremely Addicted to Anticks, Stage-players, and all sorts of Juglers, he learn'd their Arts with a great deal of Vehemency; He apply'd himself also to Puppit-playing, and plac'd his chiefest Delight in making the Images of living Creatures in bulk Five Cubits, (cover'd over with Gold and Silver,) to move of themselves, and other Engines of that Nature. But as for Warlike Engines and Testudoes, call'd Helepoles, whose Preparations and Magnificence belong'd to Princes, and were commonly of great use, he was altogether wanting in them. Moreover, he was much addicted to unseasonable Huntings, and oftentimes would steal out privately by Night, with a Servant or two, to hunt Boars, Lions and Leopards; so that many times he was in danger of his Life by his rash encountring of these wild Beasts.
26. Mecipsa, Son of Massinissa King of Numidia, had many Children; but above them all he lov'd Adherball his Eldest, and Hiempsales and Micipsa; the last of which was the mildest Prince of all the Kings of Numidia, and sent for the Learnedst Men out of Greece he could hear of, and spending his time with them in improving himself in all sorts of Liberal Sciences, and especially in Philosophy, he enjoy'd his Kingdom, together with his Study of Philosophy to his Old Age.
27. Contoniatus, the Petit Prince of Jentora in Gaul, was eminent for his Prudence and Skil in Martial Affairs: He was a Friend and an Ally of the Romans, being formerly brought up in Rome, and so season'd with Virtue and Civility; by the help of the Romans he gain'd that Principality in Gaul.
Page 775 28. Caius Marius, one of the Ambassadors, was slighted by the Proconsul, as one of the Meanest of them. The rest who were of eminent Birth, and in high Place, were Honour'd and Respected by the Proconsul. But as for the other who was said to have been but a Publican, and had much ado to get into the lowest Form amongst the Magistrates, Metellus made no account of him: Though in truth, all the rest lov'd their Ease and avoided the Camp, but Marius having been often employ'd in the Wars in desperate Adventures, seem'd highly to resent the Injury and Affront. But addicting himself with great application of Mind to Martial Affairs, he became a most expert Soldier; and being naturally of a warlike Spirit, in a short time he grew very Famous; and for his Generosity and courteous Deportment, and his affable Carriage in all Meetings towards all that were under his Command, he gain'd the Hearts of all the Soldiers, who studying to make grateful returns for his Kindness, fought the more Chearfully and Courageously, to the end they might advance the Honour and Reputation of their General: And if any other at any time happen'd to be sent to command them, the Soldiers on purpose in the very height of the Battel would fight more carelesly; so that most commonly things miscarry'd and came to nought when any other commanded the Army; but when Marius was General the Romans were ever Conquerors.
1. THE Rebellious Slaves did not only waste and destroy Sioily, but those that were free, who had neither Lands nor Goods) betook themselves to Rapine and Robberies, and ravag'd up and down in the Country in Flocks and Droves; they drave away whole Herds of Cattel; Robb'd the Barns in the Towns and Villages, and carried away the Corn and other Fruits of the Earth, and kill'd every one they met, without distinction of either Bond or Free, that none might be left to tell tales of their Murthers and Cruelties. For being there was at this time an Anarchy in Sicily, having no Roman Praetor that exercis'd any Jurisdiction, all ran headlong and committed many and great Enormities with impunity; so that all Places were full of Rapines and Robberies, and the Goods of the Rich made a Prey to Force and Violence: and they who a little before were Noted and Eminent amongst their fellow Citizens for their Wealth, by a sudden change of Fortune, were not only with the greatest Contempt and Scorn imaginable, Robb'd of all they had by their Slaves, but were forc'd to bear unsufferable Abuses from them that were Freemen of the same Country. And therefore none could scarcely call any thing his own within the City Gates; but what was without, they lookt upon as quite lost, and to be an irrecoverable Prey to the Robbers. To conclude, Confusion and utter Subversion of Law and Justice, rag'd throughout all the Cities and Towns in the Country. For the Rebels after they had wasted the Country, out of Hatred to their Masters, and insatiable Covetousness, beset the High Ways and made them impassable. And those Slaves that were yet within the Cities Sick, but in their Hearts longing for an opportunity to Rebel, were a dread and terror to their Masters.
2. Saturninus the Tribune being a Man of a profuse Life, and Quaestor in the Province of Ostia, ordering all the Corn to be carry'd away to Rome, for his Male Administration of the Government was Rebuk'd by the Senate, and divested of his Authority, and the Province committed to the Care of another. But afterwards leaving off his former Luxurious course of Life, and growing Sober in his Conversation, he was chosen Tribune of the People.
3. Whereas for Two years together in every Publick Assembly Q Metellus his restoring from Banishment was taken into Debate—His Son traversing the Market-place with his Beard and Hair overgrown, and in a nasty Garment, with Tears in his Eyes, prostrated himself at the Feet of every Citizen, intreating them to recall his Father. But the People, though they were very backward to make a President for Exiles for the time to come to hope for Return against the Laws; yet in Compassion to the Young Man, and being moved with importunity of his Intreaty, they recall'd Metellus from Banishment, and sirnam'd the Son Pius for his singular Affection and Care he had of his Father.
4. The Romans formerly being govern'd by good and wholesom Laws and Constitutions, by degrees grew to that height of Power, that at length they gain'd the greatest Empire of any that ever any History makes mention of. But of later times, after they Page 776 had conquer'd many Nations, and had so long nuzzl'd themselves in the Enjoyment of an unterrupted Peace, they declin'd from their Ancient manners, to wicked and destructive Courses. For the young Men, enjoying Rest and Ease from War, with Plenty of all things to be Fuel to their Lusts, gave themselves up to Luxury and Intemperance; for in the City, Prodigality was preferr'd before Frugality, and living at Ease, before the Service of the Camp: And he that Wasted all his time in Voluptuousness, and not he that was of a virtuous and sober conversation, was accounted by all to be the only happy Man. And therefore sumptuous Feasts, most fragrant Oyntments, flowr'd and embroider'd Carpets, rich and stately Furniture, for their Banqueting Rooms, curiously wrought with Gold, Silver, Ivory, and such like Materials were then cry'd up every where. Wine that was but of an ordinary Gusto, would not be toucht, but only Falernian and Chian, and such like pleasant Wines: the choicest Fish likewise, and every thing of the best sort, was provided to gratifie their shameless Luxury. The young Gallants likewise, wore Garments of the finest and softest Wooll, Woven so fine, as that they were even transparent, and for their slender Webb, altogether like unto Womens Gowns. All these things serving to nourish Luxury, and Voluptuousness (to their Ruin and destruction) being generally coveted by all, in a short time grew to excessive Rates; for a Hogshead of Falernian Wine was sold for a 100 Drachmas, and a Hogshead of Salted Fish from the Pontick Sea, for 400. Skilful Cooks were sold for Four Talents a-piece, and delicate and beautiful Boys, for many Talents. And whereas all with full swing gave up themselves to this luxurious course of Life, some of the Governors in the Provinces, us'd their utmost endeavour to reform these Enormities, and to that end, being in high Places, and so most observable, by reason of the Eminency of their Stations, they fram'd their own Lives so, as to be Examples of Virtue, and liberal Education to others.
5. Quintus Mucius Scoevola, us'd his utmost endeavour to reform other Mens corrupt Manners, by his own Virtuous Example. For when he was sent Proconsul into Asia, he made choice of Quintus Rutilius his most intimat Friend for his Legate, and ever took his Advice in the management of his Government, and making of Laws: All the Costs and expences both of himself and his Retinue, he order'd to be defray'd out of his own Purse; and by his moderation and frugality, together with his just and upright dealing, he freed the Province from its former Miseries and Oppressions. For the Proconsuls of Asia that were before him, confederated with the Publicans (in whose hands at that time, was the administration of Justice at Rome) and fill'd the whole Province with the Pressures of their illegal Exactions.
6. Mucius Scoevola managing his Government with all possible Diligence and Integrity, did not only suppress all false Accusations, but restrain'd the Injuries and Oppressions committed by the Publicans. For as often as any who had been pinch'd by those Toll-gatherers made their address to him, he Commissionated upright Judges, by whom he Condemn'd them wheresoever he came, and forc'd them to pay the Mulct impos'd upon them to the Persons they had injur'd, but for Offences that deserv'd death, he gave sentence of death. One of the chief of these Publicans that had contracted with his Master for his Freedom, for a great Sum of Money, before he was manumitted, he condemn'd to die and crucify'd him.
7. Those that were condemn'd by the Judges, he deliver'd over to the Persons injur'd, to be by them carry'd away to Prison, so that they who before through their insolency and covetousness committed all manner of Injustice, were unexpectedly hurried away to the Goal by them that they had injur'd. Moreover by discharging his own Expences and the Expences of his Retinue out of his own private Purse, he soon inclin'd the Hearts of all the Province towards the People of Rome.
8. Lucius Asellius (whose Father was a Quaestor) being sent Praetor into Sicily, finding in the Province great Havock and Devastation, by his prudent management of things in a short time restor'd it to its former state and condition. For after the Example of Scoevola, he made choice of his intimate Friend Caius Sempronius Longus for his Legate, and join'd with him Publius, the famous Roman Knight for his Counsellor, who then resided at Syracuse, and besides the goods of Fortune, was eminent for the Virtues of his Mind; his Piety towards the Gods is sufficiently testify'd by his Sacrifices, Gifts, and Adorning of the Temples. And the quick and lively use of all his Senses to the last moment of his Life was an evident Argument of his Sobriety and Temperance: And his Learning, & courteous Disposition are apparent from the great Value and Esteem he ever had of learned Men, and his Bounty and Liberality out of his own Purse towards them that appli'd themselves to the study of the Liberal Arts and Sciences. Assellius assisted with the advice of those two Men, who continu'd with him under the same Roof, and sate with him in Judgment Page 777 upon the Bench, made it his daily care to reform and set all things right again in the Province.
9. In the Courts of Justice, he aim'd at the Publick Good, and clear'd the Court of all Sycophants, and false Accusers; and it was his chief care to relieve the poorest Man, and those that were less able to help themselves; for whereas the other Praetors committed the care of Orphans and Widows, that were destitute of Friends, to Tutors and Guardians that were Strangers, he lookt after them himself, and decided their Causes with all the care and diligence imaginable, and was a great Relief to the Oppressed. And as long as he was Governor of Sicily, continually using his utmost endeavour to Suppress both private and publick Injuries, he at length settled the Province in its former State of happiness and prosperity.
10. Marcus Livius Drusus, tho' he was very young, yet was adorn'd with whatever was commendable either in reference to his Body or Mind: For he was the Son of a renown'd Father, who was singularly belov'd of the People of Rome, both upon the account of his noble Birth, and virtuous Qualifications. And he himself for Eloquence excell'd all his equals in Age, and all his fellow Citizens in Wealth and Riches: And upon the account of his Faithfulness to his Word, he gain'd a very great Interest and Authority among the Citizens, and being likewise of a great Spirit, seem'd to be the only Patron of the Senate.
1. POmpoedius General of the Marsians, attempted indeed a Great, but a most Rash and inconsiderate Act; for he pickt out 10000 Soldiers from amongst them, that were afraid of suffering due punishment for their Offences, and commanding them to hide their Swords under their Coats, Marcht with them towards Rome, with a design to beset the Senate round with this Rabble, and to demand the Freedom of the City, and if he could not prevail, to lay the City Wast with Fire and Sword. Being by chance met upon the Road by Caius Domitius, he askt him, whither goest thou Pompedius with so great a Company? Who answer'd, to Rome, for that he was sent for by the Tribunes of the People, to be receiv'd into the Freedom of the City. But Domitius reply'd, saying, Thou mayest obtain what thou seek'st for, with far more ease and much more honesty, if thou didst not make up to the Senate in a Hostile manner; for the Senate will not be compelled, but intreated and petitioned to bestow that Grace and Favour upon the Latines, that are their Allies and Confederates. The Man being taken with this, as with a Divine Admonition from Heaven, and over-perswaded with what Domitius had said, forthwith return'd home. And thus Domitius by his seasonable and prudent advice, deliver'd his Country from dreadful Mischiefs that threatned it, addressing himself to Pompaedius, much better than Servilius the Proconsul did to the Picentians. For he spoke not to them as to Freemen and Allyes, but as to Slaves, and insulted over them with the greatest scorn and contempt imaginable, and threatn'd and terrifi'd them to that Degree, that he stirr'd up the Confederates, to the Ruin and Destruction both of himself and others. But Domitius on the contrary, by his Mild and calm Discourse, allay'd the Fury and Violence of the Inrag'd Multitude.
2. There was one Agamemnon a Cilician, for his many wicked pranks and slaughters of the Confederates, was committed to Prison in Asculum by the Romans. This Man being Releas'd by the Picentians, in gratitude for the kindness shew'd him, Fought resolutely on their side: And being enur'd to Robberies from a Boy, joyning with others of the like Gang, he Wasted and Spoil'd the Enemies Country.
3. The Inhabitants of the City Pinna, for their constant Fidelity to the Romans, fell into most dreadful calamities, for being obstinately resolv'd not to desert the Romans (without any touch or Sense of Natural affection) were forc'd to see their Children knockt on the Head before their Eyes.
4. Lucius Suila bravely and gallantly perform'd most noble Actions, and his Fame and Renown was Blazon'd all over the City: And the People of Rome judg'd him worthy of the Consulship, looking upon him as a Man Eminent, both for Valour and Conduct in Martial affairs: To conclude, it was apparent, he was likely to arrive at the highest pitch of Glory.
5. Mithridates having conquer'd the Roman Generals in Asia, and taken many Prisoners, sent them all home Cloth'd, and with provision in their Snapsacks. This mild Passage Page 778 was cry'd up every where, that all the Cities generally came flocking in to him; insomuch that Ambassadors came to him from all Cities, inviting him by their publick Decrees to come in to them, calling him their God, and Deliverer. And upon notice of the Kings approach, the People came hudling out of the several Cities in white Garments, to to Salute him, and receiv'd him with great joy and acclamation.
6. Mithridates his Party sweeping all before them in Asia, as they went without Controul, all the Cities strangely Revolted from the Romans: And as for the Lesbians, they resolv'd not only to yield up themselves to the King, but to deliver up Aquilius also, who flew away to Mitilene, and lay there to be Cur'd of a Disease. Whereupon they sent to his Lodgings a Company of choice Youths, Stout and Resolute, who came rushing into the Room where Aquilius was, and took him and bound him, supposing he would be a most rare Present, and very acceptable to Mithridates: But Aquilius tho' he was but as yet a Youth, perform'd a most Noble and Heroick Act; for preferring Death before Disgrace, and the punishments of a Slave, he prevented them that were ready to hurry him away, and kill'd himself. With which desperate Act, those that came to take him along with them, were so Terrifi'd, that they durst not approach him. His Valour and Resolution therefore was cry'd up every where, who by the putting an end to his own Life, had rescu'd himself with an undaunted Courage from the Torments design'd to be Executed upon him.
7. In order to a Sea Fight, the Rhodians were overmatcht in nothing, but in the number of Ships, and in all other respects they were far Superiour, as being the better Pilots, knew better how to order their Ships, ply the Oars, had the more sprightly Soldiers, and the more expert Commanders; whereas on the contrary, the Cappadocians were but Fresh water Soldiers, seldom exercis'd at Sea Fights, and, which commonly proves the Bane of all, did all Tumultuously and without any Order. It's true indeed, they were as cheerful and ready to Ingage as the Rhodians, because they were to Fight just under the King's Eye, and therefore desir'd to approve their Loyalty and Affection to him; and in regard they only overpowr'd their Enemies in number of Ships, they us'd all the Arts and Contrivances they could devise, to Surround and Hem them in.
8. Caius Marius was the most renown'd Person of any of his time, when he was young; he was ambitious of Honour and Glory, free from Covetousness, and perform'd many noble Acts, both in Europe and Africa, so that his Name was famous, and cry'd up in all Places. But when he grew old, and coveted the Riches of King Mithridates, and the Wealth of the Cities of Asia, and sought against the Laws to have the Province which was allotted to Cornelius Sulla, to be transferr'd to him, he fell justly into many Calamities; for he not only miss'd those Riches which he Coveted, but lost all that were his own; the Quaestors by reason of his extraordinary Covetousness being sent, to seize upon all his Goods for the publick Use. He was moreover by the Judgment of the People condemn'd to die, but escap'd that punishment by flight, and wander'd Solitarily and alone, up and down Italy, and at length got into Numidia, poor and destitute of all things Afterwards when the Civil Wars broke out in Rome, he join'd with those that were judg'd Enemies to the Romans, and being Victorious, he was not contented with his Return into his own Country, but rais'd great Commotions in the Commonwealth; But at length having gain'd the Seventh Consulship, and by his own Misfortunes, learn'd the inconstancy of Fortune, he was unwilling to put things to a hazard any more: And therefore foreseeing the dreadful War Sylla was bringing upon his Country, he Murder'd himself; but leaving behind him the Seeds of a most grievous War, he involv'd his Son and Country in most dreadful Calamities: For his Son being forc'd to contest with an Enemy more Potent than himself, he most miserably perisht (upon taking of the City) in a Vault, whither he fled to hide himself. And the People of Rome, and Cities of Italy, having been now long ingag'd in a cruel War, fell under most dreadful Calamities. For two principal Men of the City, Scaevola and Crassus, without any Course of Legal proceedings, were Murder'd in the Senate; whose cruel Murder plainly evidenc'd the greatness of those Miseries that then threatned both the City and all Italy. For the greatest part of the Senate, and the most eminent Men of the City were slaughter'd by Sylla, and no less than 100000 Soldiers were slain, either in Mutinies or Battles; and all these Miseries were at first occasion'd by the Covetousness only of Marius.
9. Lucius Cornelius Merula, who was chosen Consul in the room of Cinna; when Cinna agreed to Peace, upon Condition he might be restored to the Consulship, approv'd himself a good Citizen, and evidenc'd his extraordinary love to his Country. For addressing himself to the Senate and People, and Discoursing concerning what might most tend to the publick good, he promis'd he would be the Procurer of Peace; and whereas Page 779 he was chosen Consul much against his Will, he declar'd he would now freely of his own accord give up his Authority into the hands to Cinna; upon which he forthwith surrendred his Consulship, and became a private Man. The Senate hereupon sent Ambassadors to Cinna, and having agreed with him upon the Terms of Peace, introduc'd him into the City.
10. Lucius Sylla being greatly straiten'd for want of Money, rifled Three Temples that were full of devoted Gold and Silver, that is the Temple of Apollo at Delphos, of Aesculapius at Epidaurus, and the famous Temple of Jupiter at Olympus, out of which last, he carry'd away a vast Treasure; for that it had never been before violated. But as to the Temple at Delphos, the Phocians in the time of the sacred War, had drain'd it of its Wealth. When Sylla therefore had thus heap'd up a mighty mass of Gold and Silver, and other Treasure, he was sufficiently furnish'd with Money to carry on the War in Italy. But having without all Fear or Sense of Religion, thus robb'd the Temples, he consecrated a piece of Land to the Gods, for the maintaining of yearly Sacrifices, in lieu of the Money: And would often in a Joke and Jest say, That he was sure to be Victorious in all Encounters, who had the Gods for his Assistants, and for that end, had help'd him with Money.
11. Fimbria having out-ran Flaccus, and gotten a long way before him in his March, thought he had now gain'd a most convenient opportunity for some Commotion or other; and therefore that he might indear the Soldiery to him, he permitted them to make incursions into the Countreys of their Allies, and make what havock they pleas'd therein, and to take Captive every one they met withal. The Soldiers very readily embrac'd the License, so that within few days, they had scrambl'd together abundance of Wealth by their plundering. But those that had been spoil'd of their Goods, went to meet the Consul, and made bitter complaints to him of the Injuries they had receiv'd, who being much troubl'd at the business, commanded them to follow him, and he himself would see restitution made to every one that had suffer'd; and accordingly with Threats he commanded Fimbria to return forthwith to the Owners, whatsoever had been taken away from them. But Fimbria laid all the blame upon the Soldiers, who did this without any Commission from him; but covertly he advis'd them, not to regard the Consul's Command, nor suffer that to be taken from them which they had got by the Law of Arms: Upon this, when Flaccus commanded restitution to be made of their Rapine, adding threatning to his commands, the Soldiers refus'd to Obey, so that there follow'd a great Mutiny in the Camp.
12. Fimbria having again cross'd the Hellespont, animated his Soldiers to Rapines and all kind of Villanies, exacted Moneys from the Cities, and divided it amongst the Soldiers, who having obtain'd an uncontroul'd License, did what they listed, and allur'd moreover with the hopes of a large Income, lov'd Fimbria as one who had deserv'd extreamly well of the whole Army. Moreover those Cities that had stood out against him, when he had taken 'em, he gave them to the plunder of his Soldiers, and so he dealt with * Nicomedia.
13. The same Fimbria being admitted into Cizicum, professing himself a Friend to the Place, as soon as he was got in, began to Impeach all the wealthiest of them, and charge them with some Crime or other: Two of these, the principal Men of the City, after he had pass'd Sentence on them, he caus'd to be whipt with Rods, to terrifie the rest, and afterwards struck off their Heads, and set their Goods to Sale, and forc'd others out of Fear, to give him all they had, as a Ransom for their Lives.
14. Cn. Pompeius addicted himself to Martial Affairs, and inur'd himself to the hardships and Fatigues of War, so that in a short time he became very expert in Military Matters: For casting off all Sloth and Effeminateness, he was always Night and Day doing something or other that was useful and advantagious for matters relating to War: For he was very sparing in his Diet, eat his Meat sitting, and altogether forbore Baths, and such like delights. He allotted but a few Hours of the Night for Sleep, and spent the rest in the Cares of a General, relating to what he was to put in Execution the next Day; so that by his constant forethoughts of the uncertain Events of War, he became a most expert Commander. And therefore, whereas another could scarce in the same time sit himself to take upon him the Charge of an Army already rais'd, in that time, and much less he Rais'd them, Train'd, and Disciplin'd them. And when the News of his famous Exploits was brought to Rome, every Body at first reflecting upon his youth, more than thinking upon his Valour, slighted him, supposing the Messengers stretcht in their Relations, and made things look bigger, than in truth they were. But when the certain Event confirm'd the former Report, the Senate sent out Junius against him, whom he routed and put to Flight.
Page 778 15. Lucius Scipio's Army being corrupted, Revolted, and went over to Sylla; Scipio now looking upon himself as a lost Man, Sylla sent to him a Party of Horse to conduct him whithersoever he pleas'd. Being therefore forc'd in a Moment to lay aside the Ensigns of his Authority, he was forthwith by the courtesie of Sylla, brought in a private Habit to the Place he desir'd. But presently after he resum'd the Ensigns of his Authority, and again Marcht forth with a considerable Army.
16. In the mean time the Persons of the greatest Quality at Rome, by false accusations, were put to death, amongst whom Quintus Mucius Scaevola, the chief Priest, a most honourable and virtuous Person, came to an unworthy End, only the Romans were fortunate in this, that the High Priest dy'd not in the most Sacred Place: For the cruelty of the Murderers was such, that they laid him upon the very Altar, and there cut his Throat, so that by his own Blood, he extinguish'd that Fire that out of a Religious Devotion, from Ancient times was ever kept Burning.
17. The Names of those that were proscrib'd, being fixt up in the Market-place, on a sudden a Multitude of People came flocking in to read it, of whom very many pity'd those that were thus Condemn'd to die. But one amongst the rest a most malicious and insolent Fellow, glory'd over the miserable Condition of the afflicted, and bawl'd out most spiteful words against them, whom some incens'd Deity forthwith repaid with a just Revenge. For by chance reading his own Name, as one proscrib'd at the bottom of the Roll, he presently threw his Gown over his Head, and began to fly through the thickest of the People, but being known to one that stood next to him, who discover'd him to be one condemn'd, he was instantly surrounded and seiz'd, and then put to death to the great joy of all that heard of it.
18. Cneius Pompeius being a long time Praetor in Sicily, appli'd himself to the business of the Courts of Justice, and deciding both publick and private Controversies, discharg'd his Office with so much diligence and integrity, that none ever merited more Commendation. For tho' he was but Two and twenty years of Age, a time which might have drawn him off by foolish youthful Lusts, yet he carri'd himself with so much gravity and sobriety all the while he was in Sicily, that the Virtue of the young Man was much admir'd by all the Sicilians.
FRAGMENTS OUT OF The Lost Histories OF Diodorus Siculus, CONCERNING EMBASSIES.
Published by Fulvius Ursinus.
LONDON, Printed by Edw. Jones, for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row: 1699.
THese few Fragments, together with those of Polybius, Dionysius Halicarnassus, Dion Casseus, and Appian were Publish'd in the Year of Our Lord 1581. By Fulvius Ursinus a Roman Born, and Eminently Learn'd; But for a further and more particular Account of 'em, I refer the Reader to the Epistle to the Fragments of Valerius plac'd next before these. And therefore have now no further to add, but an acknowledgment of Thanks due to a Learned Person in Oxford, through whose Candor the Book out of which the Translation of these Fragments was made, was brought to hand for perusal.
I. IN the Reign of Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans, the Albans, jealous of the growth of the Roman Power, pretended that the Romans committed Thefts and Robberies in their Country, and therefore sent Ambassadors to Rome to demand Justice, with Instructions, that if they did not hearken to them, to denounce War against 'em; Hostilius the King of Rome understanding that they sought occasion to pick a Quarrel, and begin a War, Commanded his Friends and Officers to Entertain the Ambassadors courteously, and persuade them to Peace and Amity. But the King not willing hastily to give 'em Audience, sent some in the mean time to the Albans with Orders and Instructions like to those of the Albans to him; ordering this, as prompted thereunto by that Antient Custom, according to which the Old Romans studied nothing more than that their Wars should be Just and Warrantable: For he was very cautious lest not being able to find out the First Authors of the Depredations, or such as were to be deliver'd up to the Demands of Justice, he should be thought to be the first Fomenter of an unjust War. But it falling out that the Ambassadors that were sent to Alba were first denied Justice; upon the 30th. day they denounc'd War against the Albans. The Albane Ambassadors, according to their desires receiv'd Answer, That they being the first that deny'd doing Justice, the Romans were they that now denounc'd War against them. And these were the Reasons that the People, who were before Ally'd by Marriages, and at mutual Amity one with another, now became Enemies, and Alienated one from another.
II. When Cambyses King of Persia was Lord of all Aegypt, the Lybians and Cyrenians confederating with the Aegyptians, sent Presents, and promised entire Obedience and Subjection to their Commands.
III. The Ambassadors that were sent from Nabis and Flamininus to Rome concerning the terms of Peace, after they had open'd to the Senate the Matters given them in Charge; the Senate decreed the Articles to be confirm'd, and that all their Garisons should be remov'd, and their Forces drawn out of all parts of Greece. When Flamininus heard of the Senate's Decree, he Summon'd all the Nobility of Greece from all parts, to meet in a General Council, where he rehears'd to 'em the great Kindnesses and Good will of the Romans towards the Grecians, and Apologiz'd for the matter relating to Nabis, because they did in that Affair, as far as they were able. He told them likewise, that according to their Desire all the Inhabitants of Greece should be free and eas'd of all their Garisons, and above all, be Govern'd by their own Laws. But he begg'd the Greeks would so far Gratifie him, as to enquire what Italian Servants were among 'em, and to discharge them within Thirty Days; which was done accordingly.
IV. The Senate again gave Audience to the Grecian Ambassadors, and Caress'd 'em with very fair words, desirous to have them earnest and forward in the prosecution of the War against Antiochus, which they suddenly expected. They gave Answer likewise to the Ambassadors of Philip, that because he maintain'd his Fidelity they would free him from Tribute, and discharge his Son Demetrius. And to those that came from Antiochus they appointed Ten of the Senate to hear what they said they had in charge from the King. When the Commissioners sate, one of the Ambassadors nam'd Menippus, President of the Embassie, Declar'd, that they came to make up a League of Friendship and Confederacy between the Romans and Antiochus. But he said that the King greatly wondred for what manner of reason the Romans should lay their Commands Page 783 upon him, what parts of Europe he should make his Concern; What Cities he should not meddle with, nor collect the Tributes of some that were in Arrear; that it was not usual for those that are making a Treaty upon equal Terms, but for the Conquerors, to Impose in such a manner; And that their Ambassadors that were sent to him to Lysimachia, imperiously charg'd him with these things: That Antiochus had no War with the Romans, and if they have a mind to enter into an Alliance and League with him, he was ready. Flamininus Answer'd, there were two things propounded by the Senate, let him chuse which of them he wou'd; and that is, If he would relinquish all his Pretences in Europe, the Romans would not meddle with his Concerns in Asia: And if this did not please him, then they were to let the King know that the Romans would assist their Friends and Allies when opprest. The Ambassadors reply'd, They could not agree to any thing that might impair the King's Sovereignty. The next day the Senate told the Grecians, That if Antiochus did busy himself, and intermeddle with any thing in Europe, the Romans wou'd with all their Care and Diligence imaginable set free all the Greeks that were in Asia. The Grecian Ambassadors hereupon approved of all by an Applause, but the King's Ambassadors intreated the Senate that they would consider into what Dangers and Miseries both Parties would be brought, and not to be rash in their Resolves, but that they wou'd give the King time to consult, and themselves to be better advis'd about these things.
V. As to the Aetolian Ambassadors that sought for Peace, the Senate decreed, that they should either give up all their Country to the Romans, or forthwith pay to them a Thousand Talents of Silver, upon this severe Answer (never suspecting any such thing would have been enjoyn'd) they were seized with great Fear, and being that they had adher'd to the King they fell into inextricable streights and perplexities, not having any means left, or way open to escape utter Ruin.
VI. Antiochus hearing that the Romans had pass'd over into Asia, sent Heraclides of Byzantium to Treat with the Consul about a Peace, with offers to bear half of the Charges of the War; to give up Lampsacus, Smyrna, and Alexandria, upon the account of which Cities he conceiv'd the War broke forth: For those were the first of all the Greek Cities of Asia that by their Ambassadors to the Senate, pray'd the Assistance of the Romans for the regaining of their Liberty.
VII. Antiochus promis'd Publius Scipio the President of the Council to release his Son without Ransom, whom he had taken prisoner when he lay about the Island Eubaea: and besides this, that he would give him a great Sum of Money upon the obtaining of a Peace. Scipio answer'd that he would return the King Thanks for the Release of his Son, but that he did not want those Sums; and in requital of so remarkable a Kindness, he advis'd him as a Friend not to withstand the Pomans, of whose Valour he had had Experience. But Antiochus judging those terms to be harder than were fit to be comply'd with, rejected his Advice.
VIII. In Rome before the overthrow of Antiochus, the Ambassadors from the Aetolians being brought into the Senate, and not in the least excusing the Faults, but setting forth the great Services the Aetolians had perform'd to the Roman State; one of the Senate rose up and ask'd the Ambassadors whether the Aetolians had given up themselves to the Protection of the Romans? The Ambassadors being hereupon silent and dumb, the Senate suspecting that the Aetolians fixt their hopes in Antiochus, sent them back into Greece with a fruitless Embassy.
IX. Antiochus laying aside all thoughts of War, sent Ambassadors to the Consul to ask Pardon for his Miscarriages, and to procure a Peace upon any terms that possibly might be had. The Consul keeping close to the Moderation and Clemency of his Country, and advis'd likewise by his Brother Publius, agreed to a Peace upon these Conditions;
Antiochus out of a longing desire of Peace having accepted these Conditions was freed from the War.
X. After the overthrow of Antiochus there came Ambassadors from all the Cities and States of Asia, some concerning the Freedom of their Cities, others relating to Congratulations for the good Services they had done for Rome, in joining in the War against Antiochus. To all which the Senate gave great Encouragement, and said they would send Ten Commissioners into Asia, who with the Generals should bring all Orders Page 779 with them. When the Ambassadors were return'd into their own Countries, the Ten Commissioners with Scipio and Aemilius met in Council together, and decreed that the Regions on this side T〈…〉us should be given to Eumenes, and the Elephants. But Caria and Lycia they assign'd to the Rhodians. They order'd likewise that such Cities as paid Tribute to Eumenes should be subject to him; but that such as were Tributary to Antiochus should be freed from all Tribute whatsoever.
XI. When the Galatian Ambassadors came to Cncius Manlius the Proconsul to Treat for Peace, he answer'd he wou'd come to terms of Peace with them when their Kings came to him.
XII. The same coming into Lycaonia brought Corn that was due from Antiochus, and the yearly Tribute of a Thousand Talents according to the Articles of Peace.
XIII. The General Assembly of the Achaians coming together in Peloponnesus, the Roman Commissioners met them, and Declar'd that the Senate was much displeas'd at the demolishing of the Walls of Lacedemon, which was done by the States of Achaia when they were Lords of Sparta, and had brought the Lacedemonians as Members into the same Common-wealth. To this Assembly came the Ambassadors of Eumenes, and brought along with them a Present of Twenty Talents; out of which the King intended the Charge of such as were Members of the Achaian Senate should be defraid. But the Achaians disliking the disposal of the Money refus'd the Gift. Thither likewise came Ambassadors from Seleucus, to renew the League formerly made between the Achaians and Antiochus, which League they renew'd and accepted the Present sent from him.
XIV. Ambassadors coming to Rome from the Kings and Princes of Asia, those Princes with Attalus had a Noble Reception, for they were met with great State. and Pomp, and Presented with Rich Gifts, and other extraordinary marks of Respect and Favour; for for these Princes were fast Friends to the Romans, and observant in every thing to the Senate; and besides, having courteously Entertain'd above all others those Romans that came to visit the Queen, they were judg'd worthy of the most Honourable Recption. For these Reasons the Senate having heard all the Ambassadors, and especially desirous to gratifie the Princes that belong'd to Eumenes, return'd them a Gracious Answer; For they signified that they would send Delegates from the Senate to put a full end to the War with Pharnaces.
XV. The defrauding of Creditors in Thessaly, setting all in a Flame among the Aetolians, and every City being fill'd with Seditions, and Tumults; the Senate suspected that all this Confusion was caus'd by Perseus, and Declar'd to his Ambassadors that they wou'd acquit him of other Crimes whereof he was accus'd: But as to his ejecting of Abrupolis King of Thrace out of his Kingdom; they commanded Perseus, to rectifie what he had done.
XVI. When Arpalus Perseus's Ambassador was silent, the Senate so far Honour'd Eumenes as to present him with an Ivory Chariot, and conferr'd upon him other Honours, and with special Favour and Respect sent him away into Asia.
XVII. The same day the Senate decreed the War against Perseus, and declar'd it to the Ambassadors, but return'd no Answer; and Commanded the Consuls expresly to reject them in the Assemblies, and order'd that the Ambassadors and all the Macedonians should that very day depart out of Rome, and within Thirty Days out of Italy.
XVIII. Ptolemy King of Egypt knowing that his Ancestors had been formerly Lords of Caelo Syria made great preparations to gain that justly, even by the Law of Nations that was before lost by an unjust War. Antiochus having intelligence of these preparations, sent Ambassadours to Rome, Commanding them to acquaint the Senate, that Ptolemy had begun an unjust War against him; But he before nam'd, sent Ambassadors to make his Defence, and to inform the Senate how Antiochus against all Right and Justice Lorded it over Caelo Syria, being Ptolemy's own Inheritance, descended to him from his Ancestors. But he order'd them to renew Friendship with the Romans, and to endeavour to put an end to the War against Perseus,
XIX. Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes to clear themselves of those Crimes that were charg'd against 'em; For in the War against Perseus they seem'd in their Hearts to lean to the King, and to be loose in their Friendship towards the Romans;) But perceiving the aversion and displeasure of the Senate against 'em, they were greatly dejected; and when one of the Praetors (who had call'd together an Assembly) stirr'd up the People to a War against the Rhodians, they were exceedingly afraid upon the Account of their Country, and fell into that Consternation, that they put on Mourning Habits, not any longer making their Demands, or Solliciting after the usual freedom of Friends, but Deprecating with Tears, that nothing that was Remediless might be decreed Page 780 against 'em. But one of the Tribunes introducing them into the Senate, and violently plucking down the Praetor from the Desks, who was stirring them up to the War, he caus'd them to speak, who saying many things in a way of humble Supplication, receiv'd such an Answer as altogether freed them from their excessive Fears; But for some of their Crimes they were sharply rebuk'd.
XX. About this time came Ambassadors to Rome from all parts to Congratnlate their Victories; the Senate courteously receiv'd them all, and returning them Gracious Answers, presently sent them back into their own Country.
XXI. About this time there being many Ambassadors arriv'd, the Senate first dispatch'd those that came along with Attalus. For the Romans were jealous of Eumenes, by reason of some Letters that were intercepted, by which it appear'd that he had confederated with Perseus against the Romans, being likewise accus'd by many Ambassadors that came out of Asia, and especially by those that were sent from King Prusias, and the Gallo-Greeks; those with Attalus readily answer'd to every Article of the Charge, and not only clear'd themselves of all the Crimes, but return'd home with much Honour and Reputation. However, the Senate did not altogether lay aside the Suspicion of Eumenes: but pitching upon Caius, sent him away strictly to observe his Affairs and Motions.
XXII. Prusias became unworthy of the Royal Dignity, spent his days basely and sordidly in flattering his Superiours; and when the Roman Ambassadors came to him, he threw aside the Ensigns of Royalty the Diadem and the Purple, and imitating exactly the Garb of the Roman Libertines, met the Ambassadors with his Head shaven, and wearing a White Cap, and having on the Gown and * Shooes of a Manumitted Slave, so Saluted the Ambassadors, Declaring himself to be a Libertine of the Romans, then which it's no easie matter to find a more dishonourable Title; and many other such mean things he had done before. And when he came to the Portico of the Senate-House, standing at the Door straight over against the Senators, he fell down prostrate upon both Hands, kissing the Threshold, and cry'd out with a loud voice to them as they sate, All Health! Ye Gods! The Saviours! not sparing any high-soaring Compliments of unmanly Flattery and Effeminacy. And moreover, making a Speech in the Senate agreeable to his sordid Deportment, he proceeded so far as is a shame for me to write. But the Senate being offended at many things he said, return'd him Answer suitable to his Flatteries. For the Romans are eager chiefly to conquer a Stout and Couragious Enemy.
XXIII. Ambassadors came to Rome both from the younger and the elder Ptolemy. An Account of Affairs being given to those in the Assembly, the Senate upon hearing of part decreed, that the Ambassadors from the elder Ptolemy should depart out of Italy within Five Days at most, and the Confederacy be broken off. But that Ambassadors should be sent to the younger Ptolemy to Declare to him the Good Will of the Senate, and those things that had been signify'd to his Brother.
XXIV. About the 155 Olympiad, Ambassadors came from Ariarathes bringing a Crown of the value of 10000 pieces of Gold, signifying the Good Will the King bore to the Romans, and that upon their account he had prohibited Marriage and Amity with Demetrius; which was attested and confirm'd by the Ambassadors from Greece. The Senate commended Ariarathes and accepted the Crown, and sent back to him such Presents as were of greatest Esteem among the Romans.
XXV. At the same time Ambassadors came from Demetrius bringing likewise a Crown of the value of 10000 pieces of Gold, and those prisoners that were guilty of the Murther of Octavus: But the Senate had a long Debate what was best and most advisable to do in these Concerns; at last they accepted the Crown, but wou'd not receive Isocrates and Leptinas that were offer'd to be deliver'd up to them.
XXVI. The Celtiberians after the Victory, wisely foreseeing what wou'd follow, sent Ambassadors to the Consul to Treat of Peace, but he looking upon it necessary to keep up the Grandeur and Magnanimity of his Country, made Answer, That they must either give up all to the Romans, or else be Victors in the War.
XXVII. When the Romans were at War with the Carthaginians, the Carthaginians hearing that they were sailing to Lilybaeum, and not in the least making a Descent upon them, sent Ambassadors to Rome, and by them deliver'd up both themselves, and all the Concerns of their Country to the Romans. The Senate accepting the Surrender of their Country, gave this Answer; Since the Carthaginians are so well advis'd, the Senate returns them their Country, their Laws, their Temples, their Sepulchres, their Liberties and their Estates; (not at all mentioning their City Carthage, for that was conceal'd under these kind Concessions) if they wou'd give Three hundred Sons of the Senators Hostages, and obey the Consuls Commands. They thinking hereby to be Page 781 free from the War sent the Hostages not without great Lamentation. Afterwards they came to Utica; and the Carthaginians again sent Ambassadors to ask what further commands the Romans would lay upon 'em; when the Consuls told them they must deliver up their Arms and Engines without fraud, they at first (because of the War against Asdrubal) took it heavily, however they brought in 200000 Arms of all sorts, and 2000 Engines. Afterwards the Romans sent again to the Carthaginians Commands, to send some Persons of their Senate to whom they would declare their further Commands, and accordingly they sent Thirty of the Noblest. Manilius the Senior Consul told 'em that it was the Senates Pleasure they should leave the City they Inhabited, and build another Eighty Furlongs distant from the Sea: But the Ambassadors crying out for Mercy & Compassion, all of them cast themselves to the Ground, uttering many lamentable Complaints with Tears, upon which great confusion was rais'd in the Assembly: And when the Carthaginians were a little recover'd out of their Consternation, one only, Named Blannus delivering himself in the natural Language of the Auditory, Debated the matter with great Heat and Earnestness, attended with an undaunted Presence of Mind, which mov'd the Auditors to Pity and Commiseration.
28. The Romans being unmovable in their Decrees, as to the Razing of Carthage, the Senate commanded them forthwith to depart to Carthage, and to declare to the Citizens what things were Decreed; but some of the Ambassadors refusing to return to their Country, fled each of them where ever they could; the rest chusing rather to return, went home, having thus finish'd a doleful Embassy. When the People came thronging together to meet 'em, they gave 'em never a Word, but beating their heads, and stretching out their hands, and invocating their Gods, they went on to the Court, and inform'd the Senate what things were commanded.
29. The Arradians supposing they had got an opportunity to destroy those of Marathum, sent privately to Ammonius Viceroy of the Kingdom, and with a Bribe of 300 Talents, prevail'd with him to deliver up Marathum, whereupon Ammonius sent Isadore to the Marathonians, who by his speech was to pretend some other matters, but in truth went to seize upon the City, and to deliver it up to the Arradians. The Marathonians being ignorant that they were design'd for Destruction, yet observing how that the Arradians were higher in the Kings Favour than themselves, refus'd the Kings Soldiers Entrance into their City, and resolved to make their Addresses as Supplicants to the Arradians. They forthwith therefore sent Ten of the most Eminent of their eldest Citizens, as Ambassadors to Arradus, who brought with them a humble Address and Supplication, and the oldest Images of their Gods, which they had in their City, hoping that upon the account of their kindred, and mov'd with Reverence to their Gods, the Arradians would be appeas'd, and their anger diverted. As soon as they landed according to the Commands given, they addressed themselves as Supplicants to the People: But the Arradians Blood being up, they slighted the usual and common Laws of Supplicants, and cast off all Reverence of their kindreds Images, and their Gods, and therefore broke the Images, and trampled them most shamefully under their Feet, and attempted to Stone the Ambassadors; but some of the Senators interposing themselves between 'em and the rage of the People (scarce restrain'd from stoning them, notwithstanding the Reverence they ow'd the Senators) commanded 'em to be convey'd to Prison.—
The Numantines and Termisians sent Ambassadors to the Romans, to treat of a Peace, which was granted to them upon these Conditions, that they should deliver up each their Cities to the Romans, 300 Hostages, 900 Soldiers Coates, 300 Hides, 800 War-Horses, and all their Armes, and they should be Friends and Allies to the Romans. There being a day appointed for the performance of these Conditions by the Cities, all was done according to the Articles, but when at last it came to the delivering up of their Arms, there a rose a certain Generous Regret and Lamentation, and a couragious Resolution in the Populacy to regain their Liberties. Therefore they were angry one at another they should ever consent, that they should like Women strip themselves of their Arms. Wherefore repenting of those things that were decreed, the Fathers accus'd their Sons, Children their Parents, and Women their Husbands, and so coming to themselves again, resolving not to deliver up their Arms, they renew'd the War against the Romans.
31. Tryphon, of a private Man being made King, hasted all he could to establish the Government in himself, by a decree of the Senate: Wherefore preparing a golden Medal of Victory weighing 10000 Crowns, he sent Ambassadors to Rome, to present it to the People, not doubting but that he should obtain from them the Compellation of King, considering the Present which he sent was not only very rich in it self, but such whose Name carried along with it the happy Prognostication of Victory. But he found the Senate Page 782 far more Subtile than himself, whose Prudence prompt'd them to a Dislike of those that deceitfully circumvent others: For they receiv'd the Present, and the good Omen, together with the profit, but instead of Grifon's Name, the Senate Decreed that the Title of the King that was treacherously Murder'd, should be Engraven upon it; and thus doing they approv'd themselves haters of his wickedness in Murdering of the Child, and such as would not accept of the presents of wicked Men.
32. There came with Scipio Africanus other Ambassadors to Alexandria, to view the whole Kingdom. Ptolemy met them in Pomp and State, with a great Retinue, and Feasted them Sumptuously, and going about with them, shew'd them his Palace and Treasury. But they being Persons Eminent in Virtue, contented themselves with a spare Diet, and such as was wholesome, scorning that rich Provision, as prejudicial both to Mind and Body. As for those things which the King esteem'd as Rarities and Admirable, they only Glanc'd their Eyes upon 'em, and look'd on 'em as things of no Value: But what was really worth their Eying, those things they view'd most exactly; as the Scituation of the City and its Capacity, and particularly the Pharos, and what belong'd thereunto: Thence likewise they Sail'd to Memphis, and took notice of the goodness of the Country, the conveniencies of the River Nile, the number of the Cities, the infinite Thousands of Inhabitants, the Fortification of Egypt, and the excellency of the Country, how well it was provided, both as to the Security, and Extent of an Empire: And having admir'd both the Populousness of Egypt, and the Conveniency of the Places therein, they were of opinion that the Kingdom of Egypt would easily swell into a vast Empire, if it once had Masters answerable. After the Ambassadors had well view'd Egypt, they went to Cyprus, and from thence into Syria. In short, they past through most parts of the World: And carrying themselves Soberly, to Admiration in all Places wherever they came, they gain'd exceeding Honour and Reputation; and Travelling through most parts of the World, with the general Applause of all, they return'd home. For those that were at difference, they reconcil'd one to another; others they perswaded to do Right and Justice, to those that complain'd against them; those that were impudently Obstinate, they were necessitated to Curb and Restrain by Force; such Causes as were Difficult to be Determined, they transmitted to the Senate. Conferring both with Kings and their People, and renewing all former Leagues, they increas'd the love of all sorts to the Roman Government, and so all applying themselves in their several Countrys to chuse fit Persons, they sent Ambassadors to Rome, and highly applauded the Delegates with Scipio, and the Senate for imploying of such Men.
33. Bocchus, King of Lybia, having sharply rebuk'd those that would have perswaded him to make War upon the Romans, sent Commissioners to Marius, craving pardon for for his Crimes, and desiring to enter into a League, made many promises to be serviceable to the Romans for the time to come. But Marius ordering him to send Ambassadors to the Senate, to Treat of these matters, the King observ'd his directions, and sent accordingly. Upon which the Senate answer'd, that Bocchus should in every respect be receiv'd into Grace and Favour, if he could prevail with Marius. Marius desirous to have Jugurtha, the King his Prisoner, Bocchus willing to serve him, sends for Jugurtha, as if he would discourse with him about Business of concern to them both, and by this means seizes him, and delivers him Bound to Lucius Sylla the Quaestor, who was sent out for that purpose; and so by the misfortune of this Prince, he bought his own Safety, and escap't Punishment from the Romans.
34. Ambassadors came from King Mithridates to Rome, with a great sum of Money, with hopes by that to corrupt the Senate. Saturnius thinking now he had an advantage against the Senate, reproach'd and bespatter'd the Embassy at a great rate; the Senators instigated the Ambassadors, and promis'd to assist them, who thereupon call'd Saturnius in question for this abuse. There being then rais'd a mighty popular Tumult by reason of the violation of the Ambassadors, and of that constant Abhorrence the Romans have of such notorious Affronts, Saturnius (who was now condemn'd to die, by the Senate his proper Judges in such Cases) fell into most racking Fears and Perplexities; and because of the great Stirs and Tumults that were rais'd, in a Consternation he betook himself for Shelter to the Pity those commonly find that are cast out of all; throwing therefore off his rich Apparel, and putting on a mean and sordid Habit; suffering his Beard to grow, he ran up and down to the Tumultuous throngs of People throughout the City, falling. down upon his Knees to some, catching others fast by the Hands, begging with Tears that they would assist him in his present Calamities, declaring he was Factiously opprest by the Senate against all Right and Justice, and suffer'd all this for his Good-will he bore to the People; that the Senators were his Enemies, Accusers and Judges. The Page 783 Mobb hereupon being all in an uproar, (affected by his Prayers and Intreaties) many Thousands of 'em run to the Tribunal, and unexpectedly for that time rescu'd him, and with the assistance of the People, he was again declar'd Tribune.
35. Mark Anthony made a Peace with the Cretians, which they kept for some time; but afterwards calling together a General Council to consider what was most advisable for them to do in order to their advantage; the more Ancient and Prudent amongst them Councell'd to send Ambassadors to Rome, to make Defence against those Accusations that were brought against them, and by fair Words and Intreaties, to work upon the Senate to a Reconciliation. To this end they dispatch'd away Thirty chosen out of the most Eminent Men, for Ambassadors, who privately Visiting the Senators at their several Houses, and courting them with fine Words, secur'd those that made up the Assembly: and being Introduc'd into the Senate, they made their Defence against the matters objected against them with great Prudence, exactly setting forth their good Services, and their Associations with the Senate, desiring that they might be Restor'd to their former Amity, and Confederacy: The Senate pleas'd with what they said, gave forth a Decree, by which they not only acquitted the Cretians, of the Crimes laid to their charge, but declar'd them Confederates and Friends to the State. But Lentulus sirnam'd Spinther, got the Decree revers'd, however the Cretians were dismissed. But the Senate had often Debates concerning the Cretians, alledging, and at length concluding that they join'd with the Pirates, and were Sharers in the Robberies; and therefore they decreed the Cretians should send in all their Ships to Rome, even to a Skiff of Four Oars, and resign the 300 famous Hostages, and send away Lasthenes and Paneres, and amongst them pay 4000 Talents of Silver. The Cretians hearing what was Decreed, went into a Consult about these Commands impos'd upon them, the more Prudent amongst 'em, advis'd to be observant in all things to what was enjoyn'd them: But those that were of Last thenes's party, and guilty of the same Crimes, and fearing lest being sent for to Rome, they should be there punish'd for their Offences, stirred up the People to a Sedition, advising them to maintain those liberties that they had ever, time out of Mind enjoy'd.
Page 784ALexander himself, with a Band of Light-arm'd Men, marching all the Night, entred the Deserts of Susitana. The total want of Water, with the Thoughts of their desperate Condition (as is before declared) enflam'd their Thirst before they had a reald esire to drink; for, sor the space of 400 Furlongs, not the least Lake, or any thing that was moist, appear'd. The scorching Sun fired the Sands, which when inflam'd, burnt up all round about like a raging Fire; hence, through the excessive Heat of the Earth, arose a Mist which obscur'd the Light, and all the Champaigne seem'd no other than if it had been the vast Ocean.
Their March in the Night was tolerable, because their Bodies were refresh'd by the Dew and Coldness of the Air, before the rising of the Sun; but when Light appear'd, the Heat began, and Drought dried up all their natural Moisture, and both their Mouths and their very Intrails were altogether parch'd up with scorching Heat; and therefore first their Spirits and then their Bodies began to faint. It was grievous to 'em both to stand still and go forward: Some few of 'em, by the help of them that knew the Country, had got Water, which quench'd their Thirst for a little while; but the Heat encreasing, their desire of Drink was again the more enflam'd; and therefore whoever had any Wine or Oil, it was presently guzzl'd down, and the present Pleasure of Drinking was so great, that it banish'd all fear of Thirst for the future. Those that had thus swell'd themselves with immoderate Drinking, cou'd neither carry their Arms, nor march forward; and those seem'd to be in a far better condition that wanted Water, than they who by pouring it down to excess, were forc'd to vomit it up again. Those that were about the King seeing him griev'd and much perplex'd with these Misfortunes, entreated him to mind and take care of himself; for his Courage was the only Life and Relief of his drooping Army. While they were thus advising him, two of those that were sent before to mark out a convenient Place where to encamp, came with Water in their Vessels for the use of their Children who were in the Army, and whom they knew were not able to hold out without Drink: These meeting the King, one of 'em opened his Vessel, and fill'd a Cup which he had with him, and offer'd it to the King, who receiv'd it; but ask'd him for whom the Water was brought, who answer'd, That it was for his Children. Upon which. returning the Cup full as it was, I cannot find in my Heart (says he) to drink it alone; and 'tis to be divided amongst them all; away therefore with all speed, and give it your Children, for whom it was brought. At length he came to the River Oxus about evening, but a great part of the Army were left behind: He commanded therefore Fires to be kindled upon a high Mountain, that those that followed slowly after might know they were not far from the Camp. He commanded likewise those that were in the Van (having sufficiently refresh'd themselves both with Meat and Drink) to fill Page 785 all sorts of Vessels wherein Water might be carried, and help their Companions that were behind. But those that drank immoderately, quench'd their natural Heat by Surfeit, and died presently, by which means he lost far more Men than he had done before in any Battel.
HE came to a little Town where the Branchidans inhabited, who heretofore remov'd from Miletus, by the Command of Xerxes when he return'd out of Greece, and settled themselves in this place: They were they that violated the Temple call'd Did••eus, to ingratiate themselves with Xerxes. The Customs and Manners of their Country were not as yet wholly laid aside, but they spoke a kind of broken Language, neither perfect Greek nor Barbarian. They receiv'd therefore the King very joyfully, and gave up themselves and their City into his hands. He thereupon call'd together the Milesians that were in his Army, who bore an old Grudge and inveterate Hatred against the Branchidans, he left it therefore to these Milesians, whose Ancestors had been betray'd by 'em, to do with them what they thought fit either to remember the Injury, and so revenge themselves, or the Original of the Branchidans, who were so their Country-men, and upon that account to spare them. When they cou'd not agree amongst themselves what to resolve upon, the King told 'em he himself wou'd take time to consider what was fittest to be done. The next day the Branchidans meeting him, he order'd 'em to go along with him; and when he came to the City, he enter'd the Gate with a select Detachment, having in the mean time order'd the Phalanx to surround the Walls, and upon a Sign given to raze the City to the Ground, that had been a Nest for the Traitors, and to put them all to the Sword, Man, Woman, and Child. Hereupon being all disarm'd, they were knock'd on the head in every place up and down, and no stop cou'd be put to their Cruelty by nearness of Language, or the Prayers and Tears of the poor and miserable People.
At length they raz'd the Walls to the very bottom of the Foundation, that there might not remain so much as the least sign where it had once stood. Neither stopt they here, for they not only cut down, but rooted up the Sacred Groves, that they might leave all a vast and solitary Desert, barren, without so much as a Root in the Ground; which Executions, had they been inflicted upon the first Actors of the Treason, might have been judg'd a just Revenge, and not the Effects of Cruelty, as they seem'd to be; sor now the Posterity, who never so much as ever saw Miletus (and therefore cou'd not betray it to Xerxes) suffered for the Faults of their Ancestors.—.
IN the mean time the Barbarians that border'd next to the River, surpriz'd the Macedonians that were plac'd in Garisons in Scythia, and put them all to the Sword, and fortified the Cities for their greater Security. Many of the Sogdians join'd with him in the Defection, being sollicited thereunto by them that had seiz'd upon Bessus, who likewise drew away after them some of the Bactrians, either because they were afraid of Alexander, or for that (as they gave the reason for their Rebellion) Alexander had summon'd a Senate of the Governours of the Province to meet at Zariaspa, the greatest City there, from which Convention they saw no ground to hope for any good to themselves. When Intelligence was brought to Alexander of these things, he forthwith commanded his Foot in every Regiment to prepare Scaling Ladders; and he himself march'd away with his Army to a City call'd Gaza, which was next to the Camp, and lay first in his way; for it was said the Barbarians had fled into seven Towns of that Country. Craterus he sent to Cyropolis, the greatest of all the Cities, and in which a very great number of the Barbarians had shelter'd themselves. The King commanded him to encamp near the City, and to fortifie his Camp with a Trench and Wall drawn round, and place such Engines upon Page 786 his Bulwarks as he saw occasion to use, that the Townsmen being busie in assaulting, Craterus might have no leisure to come in to the assistance of other Cities. The King himself, as soon as he came to Gaza, forthwith at the first approach commanded his Men to set Scaling-Ladders round the Walls, which were but of Earth, and not very high. Upon which, the Slingers, Darters, and Archers, together with the Foot, made an Assault, ply'd and gall'd them that defended the Walls with their Darts, and shot out of the Engines, so that by Showres of Darts and Arrows the Wall was presently clear'd of its Defendants, and the Scaling-Ladders in a trice were set to the Walls, and the Macedonians enter'd, and put all the Men to the Sword (for so Alexander had commanded) but the Women and Children, with the rest of the Prey, they carry'd away. Thence the King forthwith march'd to another City (fortified much like unto Gaza) which he took much after the same manner the very same day, and dealt with the Prisoners after the same manner as with them at Gaza. After this, he made to a third City, which he took the next day upon the first Assualt.
In the mean time, while he was reducing these Cities with his Foot, he sent away his Horse to two other neighbouring Cities, with Orders to watch 'em, lest the Inhabitants hearing of the taking of the Cities bordering upon 'em, and o• the King's near approach, should fly and leave the Cities, so as he should not be able to pursue with any hopes to overtake 'em. And indeed it fell out as he thought, which evidenc'd the sending forth of the Horse to be necessary: For the Barbarians, who still were possess'd of two other Cities, seeing the Smoak of the City which was burnt, and was over-against 'em (besides some who escap'd out of the Overthrow, brought them news of the City being taken) with all speed in whole droves fled out of the Cities, and fell in among the Horse that were sent forth, and multitudes of 'em were knock'd on the Head.
The King having taken and raz'd these five Towns in the space of two days, march'd away to Cyropolis, the greatest of their Cities: The Walls of this City were higher than any of the rest, the Town being built by Cyrus. And forasmuch as there were many stout Men and good Soldiers, the Inhabitants of the Country were got together into this place; the Macedonians could not easily (like to the other places) take it at the first Assault, and therefore Alexander order'd, that with the Battering-Rams and other Engines they shou'd batter the Walls, and where-ever any Breach was made, there forthwith to make an Assault. But the King observing the Channel of the River (which ran through the City like a little Brook) to be then dry, and not contiguous or near the Walls, but affording a direct Passage for his Soldiers into the City, he took with him his Guard Targateers, Archers, and the Agrians (the Barbarians then busie in observing the Engines and those that manag'd 'em) and secretly with few at first enter'd through the Channel into the City, and broke down the Gates that were in that part, and readily let in the rest of the Soldiers: Upon which, the Barbarians perceiving the City to be enter'd, however set upon Alexander's Soldiers, and fought and resolutely, in which Conflict Alexander receiv'd a Blow on his Head and Neck with a Stone. Craterus and many others were wounded with Darts and Arrows; but at length the Barbarians were driven out of the Market-place. In the mean time, those that assaulted the Walls enter'd, all being clear of those that should have defended them. In the first Conflict at the entring of the City, there were slain of the Enemy about eight thousand, the rest (for they were eighteen thousand that had there put in themselves) fled into the Castle, who after one day's siege for want of Water surrender'd themselves. The seventh City the King took at the first Assault: Ptolemy indeed says that it was surrender'd; but Aristobulus relates that it was taken by storm, and that all in it were put to the Sword. Ptolemy writes, that all the Prisoners were distributed in the Army, and order'd to be kept bound till the King left the Country, lest any one of 'em that revolted should be left behind.
While these things were on foot, the Army of the Asian Scythians came to the Banks of the River Ganais, because they heard that some of the Barbarians inhabiting beyond the River had revolted from Alexander; and their aim therefore was, that if there were any considerable Defection, they likewise might act their part in falling upon the Macedonians. At the same time Intelligence was brought, that Spitamenes had besieg'd those that were left in Garison in the Castle of Patachades. Alexander therefore sent Andromachus, Medemenus, and Caranus against Spitamenes, with sixty Horse of the Social Band, and eight hundred of the Mercenaries, who were under the Command of Caranus: But of Foot there were Fifteen hundred Mercenaries; with them the King join'd in Commission one Pharnuches for an Interpreter, a Lycian by Nation, who was well skill'd in the Page 787 Language of the Barbarians, and therefore was judged a fit Person to transact matters with them.
The King having in the space of 20 days Wall'd the City he had before design'd to build, gave it the Greek Mercenaries to be Inhabited by them, and to such neighbouring Barbarians as had a mind to remove their Habitations and dwell there, and to some of the Macedonians that were Disabled, and unfit to bear Arms.
Afterwards having Sacrificed to the Gods after the manner of his Country, and exhibited the Gymnick Sports, and Horse-Courses, finding that the Scythians did not March back and leave the River, but threw their Darts over, (for it was there very narrow) and after their Barbarous manner, gave out most opprobious and railing Language against Alexander, as that he durst not fight with the Scythians, and if he did, he should find by experience, how great a difference there was between the Scythians and the Barbarous Asiaticks: The King being provok'd with these things, resolv'd to pass the River and fall upon 'em, and commanded Leather Boats to be made ready for that purpose. Having therefore Sacrific'd for his good Success, the Intrails of the Beasts promised nothing that was Prosperous, which made him very uneasie, but he bore it very patiently, and staid there. The Scythians still continuing their slight and contemptuous Language, he again Sacrificed, and when Aristander the Soothsayer declar'd that danger was
However Alexander's Boats being now ready, and his Army standing all in Arms at the Rivers Brink, he order'd that upon a Sign given, they should Discharge the Engines against the Scythians that Rid over against them, on the other side; which done, some of them were wounded with the Darts, and one of them especially was pierc'd with a Dart througli his Buckler and Breast-plate, and fell down dead from his Horse. But the Barbarians being terrified with Darts that wounded them at so great a distance, and with the fall of that Valiant Man, by degrees drew off further from the Bank of the River. Alexander discerning 'em to be in disorder by the stroaks of the Darts, with sound of Trumpet passed over the River at the head of his Army; and the Archers and Slingers being first sent over, he Commanded them to ply the Scythians with their Slings and Arrows least they should fall in upon the Phalanx as they were passing over, before all his Body of Horse had recover'd the other-side. When all had now gain'd the further Bank of the River, he first fell upon the Scythians with one of the Squadrons of the Social Regiment, and Four Regiments of those that were arm'd with Saralles, whose Shock the Scythians bravely bore up against, and surrounded 'em with their Horse, so that many overpowring them, that were but few, they easily kept themselves whole and entire. Alexander thereupon mixing his Archers and Agrians, and other select Troops (over whom Balacrus had the Command) fell in upon the Scythians, and being now on both sides mixt together, the King order'd three Squadrons of Horse of the Social Band, and all his Horse that were Darters, to Charge in upon the Scythians; and he himself at the Head of the rest of the Horse made straight upon 'em, so that now they were not able any longer to keep their Horse in a Ring as before; for the Horse prest sore upon 'em, at the same time, and the light armed Men being mixt with the Horse, they suffer'd not the Enemy with any safety to Wheel about with their Horse to surround 'em. Upon which the Scythians were put to a Total Flight, and about a Thousand kill'd, and an Hundred and fifty taken Prisoners, amongst whom was Satrices one of their two Generals.
SOme of the Prisoners of the Sogdians of Noble Birth, and Proper Handsome Men were brought before the King; who as soon as they understood by an Interpreter that they were to die, they began to Sing, Skip and Dance as Men transported with joy, using many Lascivious gestures of their Bodies. The King admining the greatness of their Courage, at the approach of Death, commanded them to be brought to him, and as•t them why they were so Excessively m••y, when Death was even before their Eyes? who Page 788 answer'd, that if they had been put to death by any others Command, they should have, been as Sad at the apprehension of death as other Men; but since they were sent out of the World by so great a King as was Conqueror of the World, they Celebrated their honorable death (which all valiant Men wish for) with Songs of Mirth and Jollity, after the Custom and Manner of their Country: The King wondring at their Courage askt them, whether they would not be his Enemies, if he was so kind and generous as to suffer them to live. They answered, they never were his Enemies, but as Invaded, Oppos'd him to defend themselves, and if any made trial of 'em by fair means, and not by Force and Injury, they would lay out themselves to the utmost, that none should exceed 'em in grateful Offices of respect. Then he askt 'em what pledges they would give of Loyalty. They repli'd, their lives which they had receiv'd from him, and which they wou'd give him up again upon his demand. Nor did they sail him by Breach of promise: For they that return'd into their own Counrey, kept their Countrymen in due Obedience, Four of them which he kept for Squires of his Body, prov'd as true and faithful to the King, as any of the Macedonians.
ALexander himself Marcht again to the River Oxus; for he resolv'd to make against the Sogdians, for he heard that many of them put themselves into Forts and Castles, and refus'd to obey the Provincial Governors the King had placed over them. At the time he was encampt near the River Oxus, two Springs rose out of the Earth near to Alexander's Pavilion, the one of Water, and the other of Oyl: Of which prodigy Pt•lemy Lagus forthwith inform'd the King as soon as he heard of it, whereupon Alexander without delay, at the command of the Priest, Sacrific'd; Aristander the Priest told the King that the Fountain of Oyl portended Labour, but Victory at last, the fruit of Toil and Pain: Marching therefore away with part of his Army against the Sogdians, he left in Bactria, Polyspercon, Attalus, Gorgias, and Meleager to be a Guard in that Country, both to keep them in Obedience that were Reduc'd, and to Subdue the others that had fallen off from their Allegiance; having divided his Army into Five parts, he gave the Command of Three of them to Hephestion; a Fourth part to Caenus and Artabazus: He himself with the Fifth entr'd the Country leading towards Maracanda. The rest enter'd wherever each of them cou'd, and stormed the Forts of them that had possessed themselves of them, and others they took in upon Surrender. After all, the Forces (having first ran over the greatest part of the Country) join'd together at Maracanda, he sent forth Hephestion to bring in Colonies into the Cities of the Sogdians: Coenus and Artabazus he order'd against the Scythians, because he heard Spitamenes was fled to 'em. He himself with the rest of the Army entring into Sogdiana, easily reduc'd the rest of the Towns that had revolted.
AFterwards at the beginning of the Spring, he Marcht to a Rock to which he heard many of the Sogdians fled; and here it was said that the Wife and Daughters of Oxyartes had sheltred themselves. For Oxyartes plac'd them here as in a Hold that was Inexpugnable, he himself being one that had revolted from Alexander. And the King was the more earnest for that this Rock being taken, there appeared no Fort left in Sogdia that cou'd incourage them to a Defection. When he came to the Rock, he found it steep and inaccessable on every side, and that the Barbarians had brought in Provision for a long Siege, and that the depth of the Snow, as it made the Approach of the Mace••mians more difficult, so it furnisht the Barbarians with plenty of Water. However Alexander resolv'd to assault the Rock. The Proud and Contemptuous answer likewise of the Barbarians stirr'd up Rage and Ambition in Alexander at one and the same time. For whereas at a Parly with them, he promis'd them that if they would Surrender, they should all have liberty to return safely home; they barbarously scoffed at him, and bid him seek some Soldiers that had Wings, who might so take the Rock, for they feared Page 789 no other Mortals. Upon which Alexander commanded Proclamation to be made by an Herald, that he would bestow 12 Talents as a reward upon him that should first mount the Rock, and so the second and the third, in their due order should every one receive a reward till it came to the last that ascended the Rock, who should receive 300 Daricks; the hopes of which reward stirr'd up the Macedonians, who were eager before to fall upon them of their own accord. Three hundred therefore of those that were accustom'd to climb Rocks, being drawn out, they furnish'd themselves with Cramp-Irons (wherewith they fastned their Tents) that they might fix them in the Snow where it was hard Frozen, and in other parts of the Rock where there was no Snow, and to them they tied strong Cords, and in the Night made to that part of the Rock that was steepest and highest, and therefore (as they conceiv'd) least guarded; and with the Cramps, some fastned in the Rock, and others in the Snow that was frozen, they scrambled up from place to place 'till they gain'd the Top: But of these, 30 perish'd in endeavouring to get up, so that their Bodies could not be found to be buried, being lost in the depth of the Snow; the rest about break of day recovered the top, and by shaking of the Linnen Cloaths gave notice to the Army that they had gain'd the place, for that sign Alexander had commanded them: Upon which a Trumpeter was forthwith sent out with command to the Barbarians that they should without any further delay surrender themselves, for that he had now found Soldiers that had Wings, who had possessed themselves of the top of the Rock; and at the same time the Soldiers that had gain'd the Rock, presented themselves in view to the Barbarians, who being amaz'd at such an unexpected sight, supposing them to be more, and better arm'd than indeed they were, gave up themselves; the sight of a few Macedonians was so terrible to 'em. There were there taken Prisoners many of the Wives and Children of the Barbarians, and amongst them the Wife and Daughters of Oxyartes. Oxyartes's Son likewise was about the Age of Nine Years.
HAving given a gracious Audience to the Ambassadors, he there stayed waiting for Hephestion and Artabazus, who being afterwards join'd him, he came into the Country call'd Bazaria. Of the riches of the Barbarians in those Places, there can be no greater argument, than the multitude of stately wild Beasts that range in large Woods and Forrests in that Country. They frequent spacious Woods pleasantly water'd with many refreshing springs. They are Wall'd round, in which are built Towers for Stands to view the hunting of the Beasts. One of these Chases had remain'd free and untouch'd for the space of Four generations, which Alexander entring with his Army, he commanded the Game in all parts as he came to be rouz'd; amongst which when a Lyon of a vast Bigness met and set upon the King, L•simachus (who afterwards was King) happening to be next to Alexander offered to make at the Beast with his hunting Spear, the King put him by, and bid him be gone adding that the Lyon might be kill'd by himself as well as by Lysimachus. This Lysimachus had before in a hunting in Syria kill'd an exceeding great Lyon with his own hand, but he had been even at the point of Death, his lest shoulder having been (in that Encounter) rent and torn even to the very Bone. The King twitting him with this, shew'd more of Valour afterwards in action than he did before in this expression; for he not only stood the Beast, but kill'd him at one blow. The story that was foolishly spread abroad that the King gave up Lysimachus to be devoured by a Lyon, rose (I believe) from this accident before related. But the Macedonians (though the King was thus happily delivered) yet according to the Custom of their Country, establish'd a Decree that he should not hunt on Foot without a Guard of his Captains and Friends. The King having kill'd Four thousand brave wild Beasts, feasted with his whole Army in the Forrest.
TO declare in this place the death of Clitus, and the foul act of Alexander in that matter (though it happned some little time after) yet I judge it not altogether out of course. The Macedonians (its said) have a certain day sacred to Bacchus, and AlexanderPage 790 was accustomed to sacrifice to Bacchus every year upon that day; but at that time he neglected Bacchus, and sacrific'd to Custor and Pollux; and from that time he appointed Sacrifice to them, with Feasting always at that day. And whereas now the Company had been a considerable time quaffing and carouzing (for Alexander had now learn'd to imitate the Barbarians in his Cups) and all were heated with Wine, a discourse happned concerning the Discorides how to derive their Original from Jupiter, and set aside that of Tyndarus; some who were present to flatter the King (which sort of Creatures are ever Pernicious both to the Persons and Concerns of Kings, and are ever at hand) deliver'd their Judgment that Castor and Pollux were not in the least respect to be compar'd to Alexander, and his brave and noble Actions: Others in their Cups did not spare Hercules himself; but said that Envy was the cause that debarr'd Mortals from these Honours that were due to them from those among whom they convers'd. But Clitus who ever heretofore hated Alexander's imitation of the Manners of the Barbarians, and the discourses of his Flatterers, having now his Spirits something rais'd with Wine, was not able to bear those Contempts cast upon the Gods, nor that by undervaluing those Acts of the antient Heroes, so thankless a piece of service should be paid to the King. And declar'd that Alexander had neither done such wonderful things as they cri'd him up for, neither did he do any of them himself alone, but the Praise of a great part of 'em was due to the Valour of the Macedonians. But Alexander was much inrag'd at these words of Clitus; neither indeed, can I commend him in what he said, for I am of opinion it had been much more prudent for him in this time of carouzing to have held his peace, as well as to forbear joining with others in this sordid Vice of Flattery: And whereas some call'd to mind the Acts of Philip, and did all they could most unjustly to bear down and make slight of all he did as nothing at all memorable (in the mean time caressing and extolling of Alexander) Clitus now not himself, began to advance the the actions of Philip, and vilifie Alexander and his Atchievments: And cast it in the King's Teeth (now raging like a Madman) amongst other things, how he had at the River Granicus in the Charge, in the Horse Engagement preserv'd him, and impudently stretching out his right Hand, cried out, This Hand O Alexander, preserv'd thy Life in that Battel: Alexander not being able longer to endure the unbridled Passion of Clitus, or his base language, nor his reproaches cast upon him, in a rage leapt out towards him, but was held back by them that were round about him; on the other hand Clitus let fly all the reproachful words he cou'd devise, surpassing all bounds. The King with a loud voice call'd out for Argyraspides, and no Man regarding him, he cried out again that he was now in the same Condition Darius was in, when he was seiz'd and led away by Ressus and his Accomplices, and that there was nothing left him but the Name of a King. His Friends then could not hold him any longer, but springing from them, some say he snatcht a Launce out of the hands of one of his Guards, and with that run Clitus through, and kill'd him; others report it was with a Sarissa deliver'd to him by one of the Guard; Aristobulus gives no account whence this mad Fit of Alexander's arose; but says all the fault was wholly in Clitus; for that when Alexander in a rage rush't up and made at him to kill him, he at a back Door shifted out of the way, and got quite out of the Trenches into the Fort to Ptolemy the Son of Lagus, a Squire of the Body, yet could not contain himself but must needs come back again; and lighting upon Alexander when he was calling out for Clitus, Here's Clitus, Alexander, said he, upon which the King ran him through with a Sarissa: As I cannot but greatly blame Clitus for his Insolency to the King, so I am troubled for Alexander on the other side, because at that time he expos'd himself as guilty of Two Vices together, Anger and Drunkenness; to be overtaken with either of which, did not in the least become a sober Man. But yet again I must praise Alexander upon another account, that presently he repented of the soul Fact he had committed. For some who write of the Affairs of Alexander, say, that he set the end of the Spear against the Wall, and attempted to run himself upon the point, because his Life seem'd hateful to him, having through his Drunkenness destroy'd his Friend. But many Writers do not mention this. But when he was upon his Bed he lay lamenting, calling and repeating still the name of Clitus. Lanices the Daughter of Dropidus, who had brought up Alexander, received from him now he was a Man a large reward for his Education: she had lost Two Sons in the War, fighting for the King, and had her Brother now kill'd by his own Hand: He cry'd out he was the Murderer of his Friends, and wou'd neither eat nor drink for Three days space, nor take any care of himself what became of him. Some of Bacchus's Priests told him that these Misfortunes befell him because he had neglected to Sacrifice to Bacchus. His Friends had much ado to perswade him to eat or drink any thing to refresh him. But at last Page 791 he sacrific'd to Bacchus; since it was not displeasing to him that that misfortune should be imputed rather to the Anger of the God, than to his own wickedness.
AS to the Adoration of Alexander, how Calisthenes oppos'd him, and what relates to it, 'tis reported, That it was agreed between Alexander and the Sophisters, and some of the Nobility of the Medes and Persians that attended upon him, that in the time of their Feasting a Discourse should be started concerning this matter. Anaxarchus was the Person that began, and declar'd, That Alexander had more right to be accounted a God than either Bacchus or Hercules, not only for the greatness of his Noble Actions, but because Bacchus was a Theban, a meer Stranger, having no Communication with the Macedonians; and Hercules was of Argos, as much a Stranger as the other, save that Alexander was of the same Stock, for he was from the Heraclides; and 'tis far more just and equal for the Macedonians to adore their own King with Divine Honours than any other. And no doubt (he said) was to be made but they wou'd pay to him Divine Honours when he was dead; therefore 'tis much better to adore him as a God while he was alive, than when he was dead, when their Divine Worship of him would be of no advantage to him. When these and other things to the same purpose were said by Anaxarchus, those who were of the same Pack praised all that was spoken, and declar'd they would forthwith Adore him: But many of the Macedonians, who condemn'd Anaxarchus's Speech, held their peace. But Calisthenes in the midst of the Silence spoke thus:
Indeed, Anaxarchus, I count not Alexander unworthy of any Honour (how great soever it be) that is fit to be ascrib'd to Men; but there are prescrib'd Differences amongst Men between Divine and Human Honours, amongst many others in the Building of Temples and Erecting of Statues; for to the Gods we consecrate Oratories, offer Sacrifices and drink Offerings: To the Gods are sung Hymns; Men are prais'd, but not ador'd: Kisses in Salutations are given to Men, but the Gods are plac'd on high, and 'tis not lawful to touch 'em; and therefore they are worshipp'd with Adoration. Solemn Times of Dancings are perform'd to the Gods, and Paeans sung to them. Neither is it to be wonder'd at, inasmuch as the Honours given to the Gods are various; some sort of Honours given to one, and others to another (especially those Honours of later time.) Nay; those Honours given to some of the Hero's differ from Divine Honours. 'Tis not therefore fit to confound these things, nor to advance Men above themselves and all Mankind besides, and to degrade the Gods, by Worshipping them with the same Worship wherewith we adore Men. Alexander himself would not suffer any private Man to usurp the Regal Dignity and Honours due to himself, though he gain'd 'em by the unjust Suffrages of the People; much more justly therefore may the Gods be angry if any mortal Man assume to himself Divine Honours, or accept of them from others. However, let Alexander be esteem'd (as in truth he is) by many degrees the most Valiant of them that are Valiant, the greatest King amongst all other Kings, and amongst Generals the most Worthy to Command. But as for thee, Anaxarchus, 'tis thy Duty above any other to instruct Alexander in these things that have been spoken, and to d•ter him from the contrary; for thy Conversation he daily makes use of, in order to improve in Wisdom and Learning. Neither does it become thee to be the beginner of this Discourse, but rather to remember that thou art not advising Cambyses or Xerxes, but the Son of Philip, descended from Hercules and Achilles, whose Ancestors came out of Argos into Macedonia, and maintain'd their Empire not by Arbitrary Power, but by Ruling according to the Laws and Customs of the Macedonians. But Divine Houours were not confevr'd upon Hercules himself by the Grecians while he was living, nay nor when he was dead, before the Oracle at Delphos commanded that he should be worshipp'd as a God. But if there be but few that are in the Country of the Barbarians, we ought to entertain the same Sentiments with them. And I earnestly entreat thee, Alexander, to remember Greece, for whose sake this Expedition was undertaken by thee, in order to add Asia to Greece: And now consider whether when you return thither, you can be able to compel the free People of Greece to adore you as a God, or (excepting them of Greece) you can impose this Dishonour and Slavery upon the Macedonians only, or whether it be fit that quite different Honours be there allow'd you; being the Grecians confer only those that are Human, according to the Custom and Manner of the Greeks, when at the same time only the Barbarians worship you as a God after the manner of Barbarians. But if it be objected, That Cyrus Son of Cambyses was the first of all mortal Men that was ador'd by Men as a God, ana that since that time this Adoration has continued amongst the Medes and Persians; yet you are to consider how his Pride was curb'd by the Scythians, Page 792a poor and indigent People. And how other Scythians again reduc'd Darius to more sober Thoughts of himself, and the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, Xerxes and Clearchus, and Xenophon, Artaxerxes, only with Ten thousand Men; and Darius now overcome by Alexander, when at that time no Divine Honours were decreed to him.
When Calisthenes had spoken these and other things to the same purpose, Alexander took it very heinously; but what he said was very grateful and acceptable to the Macedonians; which being known, Alexander sent some to urge the Macedonians to remember the Adoration of the King; upon which there being a great silence, those among the Persians that were most Eminent for Birth and Honourable for Age, all rose up together, and ador'd him. But Leonatus, one of Alexander's Friends, when he saw one of the Perfians sordidly prostrating himself, he fell a laughing at the poor and mean Gesture of the Persian; at which Alexander was at the first very angry, but was afterwards pacifi'd. Some write, that the King drank in a golden Bowl to them with whom he had made the Compact to adore him in a Ring as they sat, and that the first that pledg'd him, presently arose and ador'd him, and then kiss'd him, and so in order the rest did the same, one after another. But when it came to Calisthenes's turn, he rose up, and drank off the Bowl, and when he had done (without adoring him) drew near to the King to kiss him. Alexander was then accidentally discoursing with Hephestion, and therefore did not mind whether he omitted the Adoration or not. But Demetrius the Son of Pythonax, one of Alexander's Friends, observing when Calisthenes approach'd to kiss Alexander, inform'd him that Calisthenes had not ador'd him, upon which the King turn'd away from him; and thereupon Calisthenes said, he must now be discarded with the Loss of a Kiss.
I cannot indeed praise either any of these things that tended to Alexander's Dishonour, or the Moroseness of Calisthenes; for I conceive it had been enough for him modestly to have carry'd himself, and for him who would serve the King, to promote his Affairs to the best advantage, as far as ever he was able: And therefore I am of Opinion, that Calisthenes was not without just cause hated by Alexander, by reason of the unseasonable liberty of his Speech and foolish Malepertness. For which reason (I believe) Credit was more easily given afterwards to his Accusers, by whom he was charg'd to be in the Conspiracy with the Pages against the King's Life, and to others who affirm'd that they were put on to it by him.
The Conspiracy was thus: There was an Order formerly made by Philip, that from among the Sons of the Macedonian Nobility, when they grew up to Men's estate, choice should be made of some from time to time to attend upon the King, both to be Squires of his Body, and Gentlemen of his Bedchamber: These Youths, when the King was about to ride, receiv'd the Horses from the Querries, and led them to the King, and after the Persian manner help'd him to mount, and waited upon him whenever he went forth a Hunting: Among these, there was one Hermolaus, the Son of Sopolides, who studied Philosophy, and was Scholar to Calisthenes: The Report is, That a wild Boar in the course of Hunting meeting Alexander, this Hermolaus prevented the King (who was aiming at him) and kill'd the Boar. The King hereupon being in a rage to have the Opportunity of killing the Boar snatch'd out of his hand, commanded that the Youth should be whipt in the presence of all the other Pages, and have his Horse taken from him: Which Disgrace he not being able to bear, open'd his Mind to Sostrates, the Son of Amyntas, one of his Companions, of the same Quality, and his Bosom Friend, and declar'd to him that his Life wou'd be but a Burden to him, unless he could revenge the Injury done him upon Alexander; and it was no difficult matter to persuade Sostrates (being his special Friend) to join with him in this Traiterous Conspiracy. Antipater likewise, the Son of Asclep•odorus (Lord Lieutenant of Syria) Epimenes the Son of Arseus, and Anticles the Son of Theocritus, together with Philotas the Son of Carsides the Thracian, were all brought in by him to join in the same Treason. The Night that it came to Antipater's turn to wait in the Bedchamber, was the time pitch'd upon to kill Alexander when he was asleep. But it hapned (as some write) that Alexander that very Night sate up Drinking till Morning. But Aristobulus says, That a certain Woman of Syria pretending to be divinely inspir'd, still follow'd Alexander from place to place, whom Alexander and his Courtiers at first ridicul'd; but when what she had foretold was still verify'd by the Event, she was no longer despis'd by Alexander, but was freely admitted to the King both by night and by day, and often was in his Bed-chamber when he was asleep. 'Tis said at that time this Prophetess by chance met the King as he came from his Cups, and entreated him to return to his Companions, and spend the whole Night in Drinking. Alexander judging it might be a Divine Warning, return'd, and by that means disappointed the Traiterous Designs of the Pages.
Page 793 The next day, Epimenes the Son of Arseus, one of the Conspirators, discover'd the whole matter to his Friend Caricles the Son of Menander, Caricles to Eurylochus the Brother of Epimeues; Eurylochus going into Alexander's Tent; reveal'd all to Ptolemy the Son of Lagus, the Esquire of the King's Body, and he to Alexander, who forthwith order'd all that Eurylochus had nam'd to be seiz'd; who being apprehended, upon their Examination confess'd their Treason, and discover'd some others.
Aristobulus indeed says, that they declar'd Calisthenes stirr'd 'em up to undertake this piece of Villany, which Ptolemy likewise confirms: But there are some others that give another account of this matter, viz. That Alexander perfectly hated Calisthenes, and because there was a great Intimacy between him and Hermolaus, he was easily wrought up on by the Informers to suspect Calisthenes.
Some likewise say, That Hermolaus being brought beforethe Macedonians, confess'd that he himself plotted the Treason, and that it was not in the Power of any free-born Man to endure the Disgrace and Dishonour Alexander had brought upon him; and then reckon'd up all that Alexander in that kind had done; to wit, the unjust Death of Philotas, and with far more Injustice his putting to death Parmenio, Philotas's Father, and the rest that were then kill'd; the Murder of Clitus through his Drunkenness, his assuming the Habit of the Medes, the Edict for his Adoration, not yet recall'd, his carousing and drunken Dozing; which vile Courses he not able further to endure, he was earnest to regain Liberty both to himself and the rest of the Macedonians. Hereupon Hermolaus and the rest that were seiz'd were ston'd to death by the Standers-by. But Aristobulus says, That Calisthenes was carry'd about with the Army in Chains, and died. Ptolemy says he was first rack'd, and afterwards hang'd. So that these Authors, though of great Credit and Repute, and who were themselves present in the Army, and attending upon Alexander at the very time when these things were acted, yet cannot agree about a matter, whereof there cou'd be no doubt at all at the time when it was done.
THese things being thus set in order, the third Month he march'd out of his Winter-Quarters towards a Country call'd Gabaza. The first day he had an easie March; the next day was not as yet stormy or gloomy, but something darker than the day before, not without some threatning of a Storm at hand. The third day the whole heaven flash'd with Lightning, sometimes light, then presently dark, which not only amaz'd the Eyes, but terrify'd the Hearts of the distracted Army. The Air resounded with continual Thunder, and Thunder-bolts up and down seem'd to be shot from the Clouds; the Army, even struck deaf with the Thunder, as Men astonish'd, durst neither march nor stand still. Then on a sudden fell down a Storm of Hail like a violent Torrent. At first they cover'd themselves with their Shields, but presently their henumb'd and frozen Hands let fall their Arms, neither did they know towards what Place or Country to move themselves, the Violence of the Storm being greater than could possibly be avoided, turn themselves, which way soever they would. Their Ranks and Order therefore being broke, they wander'd through the Wood in Parties as they could; and many fainting rather with Fear than through Weariness, fell down upon the Ground, although the Fierceness of the Cold had frozen the Hail; others lean'd themselves to the Bodies of Trees, which was to many both a Support and Defence. Neither were they deceiv'd in chusing out a place to die in, when their natural Heat, overcome by the Cold, left them immovable.
But it was a grateful Sloth to them that were tir'd out, neither did they count it i•ksome to find Rest by Death; for the Cold was not only vehement, but also not likely to abate, and the dark Shades of the Wood, besides the Storm (which was as the Night) supprest and kept out the Light, that common Comfort and Refreshment. The King only was patient under this sad Misforttune, and walk'd round his Camp, and brought together the dispers'd, and lifted up them that were down, shewing them the Smoak that came from Chimneys afar off, advising every one to take the highest Refuge. Neither did any thing conduce more to their Safety, than to see the King, who had taken more Pains than they, yet most unwearied of any, and therefore were asham'd to leave him. But Necessity, more forcible than Reason in their Distresses, found out a Remedy for Page 794 the Cold: For hewing down the Trees with their Axes, they set the Heaps of Wood up and down on fire, so that you would have thought all the Wood had been on a •lame, and scarce any place left for the Army to lodge. This Heat presently enliven'd their benumb'd Limbs, and by degrees their Spirits, which the Cold had even clos'd up, began freely to pass Some were entertain'd in the Houses of the Barbarians which hid from them in the late Wood; but now their Necessity had discover'd others lodg'd in their Tents, which though wet, yet were more tolerable, the Fury of the Storm being something abated. This unhappy Accident swept away a thousand Soldiers and other mean Attendants upon the Camp. 'Tis reported, that some were found standing at the side of the Trees, and seem'd not only as if they had been alive, but as if they had been discoursing one with another in the same posture as they were in when they died.
Roxana, the Daughter of Oxyartes, was there likewise, a Virgin ripe for Marriage, whom Alexander's Fellow-Soldiers judg'd to be the most Beautiful Lady of all Asia next to the Wife of Darius; upon sight of her, Alexander fell deeply in Love, yet would not by any means use her dishonourably as a Captive; neither did he disdain to take her for his Wife. Which Act of Alexander (I conceive) was more worthy of Praise than Reprehension. And for Darius's Wife (who was esteem'd the most Beautiful Lady of all Asia) he neither was tainted so much as with an unlawful Desire towards her, or as a domineering Lord commanded her to his Bed, though he was then in the Heat of his Youth, and the highest pitch of Worldly Prosperity; which two Conditions are apt greatly to provoke Men to be very injurious to others: But he, out of a Reverence to her Person, spar'd her; herein evidencing his great Continency, and prompted likewise thereunto by a desire of his own Honour and Reputation.
IN the middle of the Spring, Alexander remov'd with his Army out of Bactria towards India, and left Amyntas there with three thousand five hundred Horse, and ten thousand Foot. Having pass'd the Caucasus, in ten days he came to Alexandria, which he had built in Paropanisus at his first Expedition into Bactria, and put out the Governour here for his ill Behaviour in the Place, and then Peopled the City with more Inhabitants out of the Neighbouring Countries, and such of his Macedonians as were grown unser •ceable for the War, and made Nicanor, one of his Associates, Governour of the City;-but appointed Tyriaspes Commander of the whole Region of Paropanisus, and of all that Territory or Province as far as the River Cophene. Thence he went to the City of Nicea, and there offer'd Sacrifice to Minerva, and then march'd to the River Cophene, and sending an Herauld, commanded Taxiles and the rest of the Governours of the Countries lying beyond the River to come to him. Taxiles and other petty Princes came first and met him, bringing him large Presents, such as were most esteem'd in India, promising likewise to send him five and twenty Elephants. He there divided his Army, and sent Hephestion and Perdiccas into the Country call'd Peucelaotis towards the River Indus, together with the Troops of Georgias, Clitus, and Meleager, and half the Horse of the Social Band, and all the Mercenary Horse, commanding them to take in by fair means or foul all the Towns which lay in their way, and that when they came to the Bank of the River Indus, they should prepare all things that were necessary to pass over. And with them was sent Taxiles and other Commanders of those Parts, to put in execution, when they came to the River Indus, what Alexander had commanded.
Astes, the Governour of the Country of Peucelaotis, offering to revolt, lost both himself and the City which he put himself into; for Hephestion came and besieg'd it, and after thirty days time took it, and killing Astes, made one Sangaeus Governour of it, who a Page 759 little before forsaking Astes, had fled over to Taxiles, which made Alexander the more confide in him ever after.
Alexander with his Band of Silver Targeteers, and the Horse of his Fellow Cavallers that went not with Hephestion, and the Troop of Horse call'd Asseteri, together with his Archers, Agrians, and Horse-Lancers, march'd into the Country of the Aspians and Phyraeans, and Arosacans; and going on his way to the River Choes (which was for the most part mountainous and rocky) and having at last past that River, he commanded Craterus to come after him fair and softly with the Foot; and himself taking with him the whole Body of his Horse, and eight hundred Macedonian Foot-Targeteers on Horseback, he march'd away at a great rate, because he heard that the People of the Country were fled, some to the Mountains, others to fenced Cities, and all to make head against him. Having set upon the first of these Cities that lay in his way, those which came forth to oppose him, he routed at the first Charge, and drave them back into the Town, but was himself wounded with a Dart in the Shoulder, which pierc'd thro' his Breast-plate; but the Wound was but slight, the Breast-plate repelling the force of the Dart. Ptolemy, Lagus, and Leonatus were likewise wounded. Then Alexander observing what part of the Wall was fittest to pitch upon for an Assault, encamp'd close to the City, just against that part. The next day early in the morning the Macedonians took the outward Wall with little ado, for the City was doubly wall'd. At the inner Wall the Inhabitants made some resistance; but when the Macedonians had once scal'd the Walls, and the Townsmen felt the Arrows showing down about their ears, not being able longer to endure, the Soldiers within brake out of the Gates, and ran every Man his way to the Mountains, many of whom the Macedonians kill'd in the pursuit; and all the Prisoners (being in a rage because the King was wounded) they put to the Sword. Many escap'd to the Mountains, which were not far off from the City. Having laid the City level with the Ground, he march'd away with his Army to Andaca another City.
IN this Region, into which Alexander entred, lying between the Rivers Cophone and Indus, is situated Nysa, a City built (as is reported) by Dionysius, at that time when he Commanded in India; who this Dionysius was, and when, or from whence he brought in his Armies against the Indians, I cannot conjecture: Whether it was the T•eban from Thebes, or he from Tmolus in Lydia, that led an Army from thence against the Indians. But though he pass'd into so many Warlike Nations, at that time altogether unknown to the Greeks, yet he subdu'd none of them but the Indians. This only I am satisfied in, That those Fables that the Ancients have writ concerning the Gods, are not too curiously to be pry'd into; for such Writings as do not otherwise deserve much Credit, yet when they happen to speak of the Gods, they seem not to be altogether incredible.
As soon as Alexander came with his Army to Nysa, they sent Acuphis, the Chief Man of the City to him, with thirty others of the Leading Men of the Place, intreating him to leave the City free to the God Bacchus. When the Ambassadors were introduc'd into the King's Pavilion, and saw him as yet dusty with his March, clad with all his Armour, and his Helmet upon his Head, and his Lance in his Hand; amaz'd at the sight of him, they fell flat upon the Ground, and were silent a long time together: But after that Alexander had commanded them to rise, and cheer up, Acuphis thus began:—The Nysaeans intreat, O King, That in reverence to Bacchus you would leave the City free, and the Inhabitants to Govern by their own Laws: For Dionysius, after he had conquer'd the Indians, and was about to return to the Grecian Sea, built this City for those Soldiers who were unserviceable for War (being of Bacchus's Family) as a perpetual Monument to Posterity of his Expedition and Victory; as your Majesty has built Alexandria at Mount Caucasus, and another in Egypt, and many others, some finish'd, and others now in building, having now perform'd much more than our Dionysius did: And he call'd the City Nysa, from his Nurse so nam'd, and the Country Nysaea; and the Mountain which hangs over the City, he was pleas'd to call Meros (which is a Thigh) because according to the Fables he was cherish'd in Jupiter's Thigh. Since that time we have dwelt in Nysa as a free City, and have liv'd at ease under the Use of our own Laws. And that this Place was built by Bacchus, this one thing may be a Demonstration, That Ivy grows no where in India but in this City. This Speech of Acuphis was very pleasing to Alexander; for he had a great desire those things should be believ'd that were related Page 796 concerning Bacchus's Peregrination, and wou'd have none to doubt but that Nysa was built by Bacchus, because that he himself was now come as far as Bacchus ever came, and was still desirous to go further than he ever did. And he was of Opinion, that the Macedonians, out of Emulation to the Acts of Bacchus, wou'd willingly with himself undergo further Toils and Labours. He granted therefore Liberty to the Nysaeans, and that they should Govern according to their own Laws And when he understood what their Laws were, and how they were under the Government of an Aristocracy, he commended their Constitution, and commanded 'em to furnish him with three hundred Horsemen, and send him a hundred of them that were of the Aristocracy (who were three hundred in all) such as he would chuse. Acuphis was one of the Number of them that were pick'd out, whom the King had made Governour of the whole Province of Nysaea. 'Tis reported, that Acuphis smil'd at these Demands, and that Alexander asking him why he laugh'd, Acuphis answer'd, How is it possible, O King, for the City to be well Govern'd, when 'tis stript of an hundred good Men all at once! But if your Majesty have a Kindness for the City, be pleas'd to accept of three hundred Horsemen (and more if you think fit;) but as for an hundred of the best Men of the City which you desire, be pleas'd to be content with two hundred of the worst, that whensoever you return hither again, you may find that the City has maintain'd and kept up her ancient State and Grandeur. With these Words, because he judg'd them prudently spoken) Alexander was persuaded, and commanded only the three hundred Horsemen to be sent him; and for the three hundred of the Chief of the City, he neither desir'd them, nor any others in their stead. But Acuphis his Son, and his Nephew by his Sister, were sent to Alexander.
Afterwards Alexander had a longing desire to see that City, in which the Nysaeans boast there are some Monuments of Dionysius; and to go likewise, accompanied with some Horse of his Friends, and a Regiment of Foot, to the Mountain Meros, that he might see the Hill grown over with Ivy and Laurel, and the shady Groves, that abounded with all sorts of wild Beasts. The Ivy was a very pleasant Sight to the Macedonians, having not seen any of a long time; for India bears no Ivy, neither those Places where Vines grow. Of the Ivy they wore Garlands on their Heads, singing Praise to Bacchus, with all his Titles and Appellations. Alexander there sacrific'd to Bacchus, and feasted with his Friends.
WHen the Barbarians heard of Alexander's coming, they durst not abide him in a Body, but brake up their Army, and dispers'd themselves every one as they could into several Cities, purposing there to stand upon their Guard.
Alexander march'd first with his Army to Massaga, the greatest City of that Country; approaching therefore with his Army close to the City; the Barbarians having got into the Town for their assistance seven thousand Mercenary Indians from the inner parts of India made a fierce Sally upon the Macedonians as they lay Encampt. Alexander perceiving that the Fight was likely to be under the City Walls, design'd to draw off the Enemy at a further distance, lest when they fled (which he clearly foresaw they would) they might with ease (being so very near) get into the Town and so escape, perceiving therefore the Barbarians pouring out upon them, he forthwith commanded his Macedonians to wheel about and make to a Hill about seven furlongs distant from the River Guraeus, where he had purpos'd to Encamp. The Enemy hereupon emboldned (the Macedonians seeming to give back) in great confusion and disorder hotly pursu'd them, But when they were got within the cast of a dart, upon a sign given by Alexander, the Phalanx furiously turned upon 'em. But first indeed the Horse that were darters, the Agrians and Archers made an excursion, and ingag'd with the Barbarians, But Alexander led the Phalanx (in Battalia) himself. The Indians amaz'd at the sudden and unexpected turn, when it came to the Swords point fled back into the City. Two hundred of 'em were kill'd in the pursuit, but the rest got within the Walls.
Alexander presently drew up his main Battel of Macedons before the Walls, and from thence was slightly wounded by an Arrow struck into his Heel. The next day the Engines being brought up to the Walls, part of 'em were easily batterr'd down, upon which (the Macedonians endeavouring to force their way through the Ruins) the Indians stoutly Page 797 withstood them, so far as that Alexander for that day sounded a retreat, and call'd off his Men. But the next day the Macedonians renew'd the Assault with greater vigour, bringing up a wooden Tower to the Walls, out of which the Archers powring showers of Darts and Arrows grievously gall'd the Indians. But yet with all these devices they were not able to enter. The Third day the main Body of the Macedonians being again led up to the Walls, a Bridge was cast out of the Wooden Tower over that part of the Wall that was broken down, upon which Bridge the King order'd the Agyraspides who had before taken Tyre after the same manner; but when with great Courage and Resolution they had got upon it with too much Weight, it yielded and broke, and it and the Macedonians tumbled down together. The Barbarians rejoycing at the Accident, set up a great shout, and ply'd the Macedonians with Stones, and all sorts of Darts and Arrows, or whatever was at hand, or they could come at; and others issuing out through narrow Sally-ports that were placed between the Turrets, knock'd them in that Disorder and Confusion on the head. Alexander sent Alcetas with a Party to take care of the wounded Men, and to call the Besiegers off into the Camp. The 4th day he cast another Bridge with other Devices upon the Walls; but the Indians (as long as the Governor of the place was alive) valiantly repuls'd the Macedonians: But when he was kill'd by a Dart from the Engines, and many of their Men lost by continual Assaults, and others wounded and become thereby unserviceable, they sent to Alexander, who was very ready and willing to spare such stout and valiant Men. He agreed therefore with the mercenary Indians, that they should take up Arms with him, and join themselves to his Army. Hereupon they march'd out of the City by themselves, and encamp'd upon an Hill opposite to the Macedonians, with a design to fly away in the night to their own Country, because they wou'd not fight against the other Indians. When Alexander was inform'd hereof, the same night he surrounded the Hill with his Forces, and put 'em every one to the Sword, and took the City (now without these that should defend it) by storm, and in it the Mother and Daughter of Assacenus. On Alexander's side there were only five and twenty kill'd during the whole Siege.
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The Library of History by Diodorus the Sicilian is one of the most highly regarded universal histories in antiquities. His work includes the history of Egypt, Asia, Africa, Greece and Europe. His book is a must read for research of ancient history.
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